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Title: Chapter 9 Joints/Articulation
Description: These 8 pages of typed notes are sure to aid in your understanding of joints/articulations. Joint categorization, structure and function, and coverage from the shoulder-to-elbow-to-hip-knee joint are covered as well as the functions of the skeletal system in terms of what it does for other bodily systems.
Description: These 8 pages of typed notes are sure to aid in your understanding of joints/articulations. Joint categorization, structure and function, and coverage from the shoulder-to-elbow-to-hip-knee joint are covered as well as the functions of the skeletal system in terms of what it does for other bodily systems.
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Chapter 9:
Joints/Articulation
9-1
Articulations) where 2 bones meet
Joint are categorized according to their range of motion or
structure
There are 2 classification methods for categorizing joints
...
Each functional group is further subdivided primarily on the basis of the
Anatomical structure of the joint:
1
...
Over time, the 2 bones may fuse
...
Amphiarthrosis) (slightly movable joint) is either fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the
connection between the opposing bones
...
Diathrosis) freely movable joints) or (synovial joint) Diathroses are subdivided according to the
movement permitted
...
Using this framework, joints are
classified as:
• Fibrous:
• Cartilaginous:
• Bony: forms when fibrous or cartilaginous joints ossify
...
Joint capsule (also articular capsule) is 2-layered, contains an inner synovial membrane and an
outer fibrous capsule
...
Synovial fluid) fills the joint cavity
...
1
Chapter 9:
Articular Cartilage
Under normal conditions, the bony surfaces at a synovial joint cannot contact one another,
because special articular cartilage covers the articulating surfaces
...
However, it has no
perichondrium
...
When such
damaged occurs, the matrix may begin to break down
...
This, drastically increases the friction at the joint
...
It
resembles interstitial fluids, but contains proteoglycans with a high concentration of hyaluronan
secreted by fibroblasts of the synovial membrane
...
Lubrication: when compression happens, the fluid is squeezed out like in a sponge and then
reabsorbed when compression stops
2
...
Shock Absorption: cushions joints from compression from shocks and sudden impacts
...
Cartilages and Fat Pads
Meniscus) (also articular disc) is a pad of fibrocartilage located between opposing bones within a
synovial joint
...
Fat pads) localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial fluid
...
They protect articular cartilages, and fill in the spaces when a joint
moves
...
Ligaments are very
strong
...
2
Chapter 9:
Tendons
Tendons are not part of the joint itself, but tendons passing across or around a joint may limit
the joint’s range of motion and provide mechanical support for it
...
They contain synovial fluid and are
lined by a synovial membrane
...
Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints
A joint cannot be both highly mobile and strong
...
A synthrosis is the strongest type of joint, but permits no movement
...
Factors responsible for limiting the range of motion, stabilizing the joint, and reducing the
chance of injury are:
•
•
•
•
The collagen fibers of the joint capsule and many accessory extracapsular, or intracapsular
ligaments
Shapes of articulating surfaces menisci, may prevent movement
Other bones, skeletal muscles, or fat pads around the joint
Tension in tendons attached to the articulating bones
9-3
The structure and function of synovial joints enable various
skeletal movements
Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gliding-Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial)
Hinge- Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial) (elbow, knee joints)
Pivot- Rotation only (monaxial)
Condylar- Oval articular face within a depression
...
Intervertebral discs
Anulus fibrosus) tough outer layer of fibrocartilage that each intervertebral disc has
...
The annulus fibrosus surrounds the nucleus pulpous
...
It gives the discs resiliency and enables it to
absorbed shocks
...
They are
composed of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
...
Ligaments interconnecting adjacent vertebrae include:
•
the anterior longitudinal ligament which connects the anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies
•
the posterior longitudinal ligament which parallels the anterior longitudinal ligament and connects
the posterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies
•
the ligamentum flavum which connects the the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
•
the interspinous ligament which connects the the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
•
the supraspinous ligament which interconnects the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
...
Is continuous with the supraspinous
ligament
...
flexion, or bending anteriorly
2
...
lateral flexion, or bending
4
...
The
shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint
...
It continues beyond the bony
rim and deepens the socket
...
Rotator cuff muscles: are the primary mechanism for supporting the shoulder joint and limiting its range of motion:
• Tendons of the
• supraspinatus
• infraspinatus
• teres minor
• subscapularis muscles
The Elbow Joint
The elbow joint is a complex hinge joint
...
It works like a door hinge with limited range of motion
...
The elbow joint is extremely strong because:
1
...
a single, thick articular capsule surround both the humeroulnar and the proximal radioulnar
joints
3
...
The acetabulum, a deep fossa accommodates the femoral head
...
The broad ligaments that reinforce the articular capsule of the hip are:
•
the iliofemero ligament
•
the pubofemero ligament
•
the ishiofemero ligament
•
the traverse acetubular ligament
The Knee Joint
The knee joint permits flexion, extension, and very limited rotation
...
A pair of
fibrocartilage pads, the medial and lateral menisci, lies between the femoral and tibial surfaces
...
6
Chapter 9:
Supporting Ligaments
The 7 main ligaments that stabilize the knee are:
1
...
popliteal (tibia)
3
...
(ACL) anterior cruciate ligament
5
...
(MCL) medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral)
7
...
Problems are common,
especially in older individuals
...
And encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect the
synovial joints
Arthritis always involves damage to the articular cartilages
...
Generally affecting people 60 and older
...
Such a condition is called an autoimmune disease
...
This form is named after the metabolic disorder known as gout
...
When motion ceases, so does the circulation of synovial fluid, and cartilages
begin to degenerate
...
9-8
The skeletal system supports and stores energy and minerals for
other body systems
When osteoblasts activity predominates, bones thicken and strengthen
...
The balance of bone formation and bone recycling varies with:
1)
the age of the individual
2)
the physical stresses applied to the bones
3)
circulating hormone levels
4)
rates of calcium and phosphorus absorption and excretion
5)
genetic or environmental factors
8
Title: Chapter 9 Joints/Articulation
Description: These 8 pages of typed notes are sure to aid in your understanding of joints/articulations. Joint categorization, structure and function, and coverage from the shoulder-to-elbow-to-hip-knee joint are covered as well as the functions of the skeletal system in terms of what it does for other bodily systems.
Description: These 8 pages of typed notes are sure to aid in your understanding of joints/articulations. Joint categorization, structure and function, and coverage from the shoulder-to-elbow-to-hip-knee joint are covered as well as the functions of the skeletal system in terms of what it does for other bodily systems.