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Inorganic ions

Inorganic ions can also be called electrolytes or minerals
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Magnesium is an important part of chlorophyll and it essential for photosynthesis, without Mg plants
leaves go yellow, this is called chlorosis
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Iron is part of haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells
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Calcium is an important structural component of bones and teeth in mammals
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Water

Water (H₂0) is a dipole
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A molecule with separate charges is called a polar
molecule
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Hydrogen bonds are weak but it there are a lot of them they can be very strong
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Lots of
chemical reactions also take place in water as it’s a dipole so attracts a lot of elements into its
clutches
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Non polar molecules don't dissolve in water
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Water has a high specific heat capacity
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The hydrogen bonds restrict the particles movement so it doesn’t
increase its kinetic energy
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Cohesion is where all of hydrogen bonds together in a body of water stick together in a lattice
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Water has a high surface tension so pond skaters (and Jesus) can walk on it as it supports their
weight
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It's also transparent so
aquatic plant life can photosynthesis effectively
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Monosaccharides

These are small organic molecules, and have the general formula (CH₂0)ⁿ
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Glucose is a hexose sugar
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Monosaccharides have several functions:
A source of energy in respiration
Building blocks for larger molecules
Intermediates for reactions
Constitutes of nucleotides
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Maltose = glucose + glucose = in germinating seeds
Sucrose = glucose + fructose = transport in phloem of flowering plants

Lactose = glucose + galactose = in mammalian milk

Testing

The benedict's test detects reducing sugars in a solution
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If a reducing sugar is present, such as glucose, the solution will turn from blue to brick red
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To test for starch you add Iodine solution (potassium iodide + iodine) to the substance you want to
test, if the starch is present it goes from orange to blue-black
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The sample is mixed with alcohol so all the lipids are
dissolved, it is then shaken with an equal volume of water
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Polysaccharides

Large complex polymers, which contain large numbers of monosaccharides
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Lipids
Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but a lot less oxygen than carbohydrates
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Triglycerides

These are made up of one glycogen molecule and 3 molecules of fatty acids
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Phospholipids

They have a phosphate group for a head and only 2 fatty acids
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Waterproofing



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