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Science​ ​Exam​ ​Notes

Biology:
Animal​ ​Tissues:
Epithelia
Major
•​ ​Lines​ ​the
Functions surfaces​ ​of​ ​the
body
•​ ​Forms​ ​barrier
•​ ​Covers​ ​organs
Examples

•​ ​Skin/Lining
•​ ​Throat
•​ ​Organs

Muscle

Connective

Nervous

•​ ​Stretching​ ​or
Contracting
•​ ​Made​ ​up​ ​of​ ​fibers
so​ ​that​ ​they​ ​can
perform​ ​its​ ​function​ ​of
stretching/contracting

•​ ​Support
•​ ​Strength
•​ ​Extracellular
Matrix​ ​(blood)
•​ ​Insulation
•​ ​Padding

•​ ​Send​ ​and
receive
signals​ ​to​ ​and
from​ ​brain

•​ ​Skeletal

•​ ​Bone
•​ ​Fat
•​ ​Blood

•​ ​Neurons
•​ ​Nervous
System

Plants​ ​-​ ​Structures​ ​and​ ​Functions:
Plants​ ​-​ ​Function
- Perform​ ​photosynthesis​ ​to​ ​make​ ​food​ ​(Glucose)
- Converts​ ​carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​into​ ​oxygen
Plants​ ​-​ ​Structure
- Root​ ​System
- ​ ​Shoot​ ​System
● Stem
● Leaves
● Flowers
Roots​ ​-​ ​Function
- Absorption
- ​ ​Storage
- Anchorage/Stabilization
Shoots​ ​-​ ​Stems
- Support/Branches/Leaves/Flowers
- Grow​ ​towards​ ​light
- Transport​ ​nutrients​ ​and​ ​water
Shoots​ ​-​ ​Leaves
- ​ ​Photosynthetic
● Produces​ ​it’s​ ​own​ ​food
- Designed​ ​to​ ​capture​ ​maximum​ ​light​ ​and​ ​minimize​ ​water​ ​loss

Shoots​ ​-​ ​Flowers
•​ ​Developed​ ​for​ ​sexual​ ​reproduction
•​ ​Pollen​ ​produced​ ​on​ ​another​ ​‘pollinates’​ ​egg​ ​inside​ ​ovary​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​seed
Plant​ ​-​ ​Tissues
Meristematic​ ​Cells​ ​-​ ​Undifferentiated/Unspecified​ ​cells
- Divide​ ​and​ ​differentiate​ ​into​ ​specialized​ ​tissues
Vascular​ ​Tissue
Xylem​ ​-​ ​Transport​ ​of​ ​water​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​plant
Phloem​ ​-​ ​Transports​ ​nutrients​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​plant
All​ ​Human​ ​Organ​ ​Systems:
- Circulatory
- Digestive/Excretory
- Respiratory
- Immune/Lymphatic
- Muscular
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Integumentary
- Nervous
- Skeletal
Circulatory​ ​System:
Parts:
- Heart
- Blood
- Blood​ ​Vessels​ ​(Arteries,​ ​veins,​ ​capillaries)
Main​ ​Function:
•​ ​To​ ​move​ ​blood​ ​and​ ​lymph​ ​throughout​ ​the​ ​body
- ​ ​Vital​ ​for​ ​fighting​ ​disease​ ​and​ ​maintaining​ ​homeostasis
Veins​ ​vs​ ​Arteries
Veins
Arteries
● Carries​ ​blood​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​heart
● Carries​ ​blood​ ​away​ ​from​ ​the​ ​heart
● Mostly​ ​carries​ ​deoxygenated​ ​blood
● Mostly​ ​carries​ ​oxygenated​ ​blood
● Has​ ​a​ ​thin​ ​muscle​ ​layer​ ​with​ ​valves
● Has​ ​a​ ​thick​ ​muscle​ ​layer​ ​that​ ​can
to​ ​prevent​ ​the​ ​backflow​ ​of​ ​blood
expand​ ​and​ ​contract​ ​(no​ ​valves)

● Blood​ ​flows​ ​under​ ​low​ ​pressure

● Blood​ ​flows​ ​under​ ​high​ ​pressure

Capillaries
Blood​ ​moves​ ​very​ ​slow​ ​in​ ​the​ ​capillaries​ ​so​ ​that​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​can:
- Deliver​ ​oxygen​ ​and​ ​nutrients
- Pick-up​ ​waste​ ​(CO2​ ​and​ ​other​ ​materials)
Chemical​ ​Reactions:
Classifying​ ​a​ ​Reaction
Synthesis​ ​reactions:
Two​ ​or​ ​more​ ​reactants​ ​combine​ ​to​ ​make​ ​1​ ​new​ ​product
...

Examples:
H​2​CO​3​(aq)​ ​→​ ​H​2​O(l)​ ​+​ ​CO​2​(g)
CaCO​3​(s)​ ​→​ ​CaO(s)​ ​+​ ​CO​2​(g)
Single-replacement​ ​reactions:
A​ ​single​ ​element​ ​replaces​ ​a​ ​similar​ ​element​ ​of​ ​an​ ​adjacent​ ​reactant​ ​compound
...

Examples:
NaCl(aq)​ ​+​ ​AgNO​3​(aq)​ ​→​ ​NaNO​3​(aq)​ ​+​ ​AgCl(s)
HCl(aq)​ ​+​ ​NaOH(aq)​ ​→​ ​NaCl(aq)​ ​+​ ​H​2​O(l)
Combustion​ ​reactions:
A​ ​single​ ​element​ ​or​ ​compound​ ​combines​ ​with​ ​oxygen​ ​gas​ ​releasing​ ​energy
...

Examples:
C(s)​ ​+​ ​O​2​(g)​ ​→​ ​CO​2​(g)​ ​+​ ​energy

2Mg(s)​ ​+​ ​O​2​(g)​ ​→​ ​2MgO(s)​ ​+​ ​energy
2C​4​H​10​(g)​ ​+13O​2​​ ​→​ ​8CO2(g)​ ​+​ ​10H​2​O(g)​ ​+​ ​energy
Endothermic​ ​and​ ​Exothermic
- If​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​appears​ ​on​ ​the​ ​left​ ​side,​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​endothermic
- If​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​appears​ ​on​ ​the​ ​right​ ​side,​ ​the​ ​reaction​ ​is​ ​exothermic
- If​ ​it​ ​is​ ​a​ ​combustion​ ​reaction,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​always​ ​exothermic



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