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First Aid
First Aid is the first help given to injured persons or to those taken suddenly ill before they
are taken to medical institutions
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The Rationale of Learning First Aid in early childhood
We have underscored the importance of an adult’s presence as children play
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As children play, they may accidentally get injured and sometimes a child may
fall sick abruptly
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Basic Hygienic Measures in First Aid
When one gives First Aid, it is necessary to observe the following hygienic measures for self
and the casualty to prevent infections:
 Wash hands with soap and water before and immediately after giving First
Aid
...
Gloves
are very necessary especially to prevent HIV and AIDS infection
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Precautions must be taken to ensure
this especially when dealing with many casualties
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 Cover skin breaks with dry and clean dressings
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When faced with a real situation, a competent
first aider must:
 Remain calm to prevent causing further anxiety and panic
 Study the situation first so as to take the right measures
 Take control and ensure that the casualty is not mishandled
 Prevent further injury by ensuring that the casualty receives the right care
 Prevent over-crowding since the casualty needs fresh air
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Such include: Nose Bleeding- This is very common among children
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• Squeeze the nostrils together and hold firmly for 10 minutes as the mouth
is used for breathing
• Be padded with a cool cloth on the forehead and the back of the neck
• Avoid blowing the nose for several hours
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 Sprains-These are joint injuries, which tear or stretch the strong tissue, which
holds the bone ends in the normal position
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Signs of sprains include:• Pain
• Difficulty in movement
• Swelling
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Or,
• Soak the joint in very cold water for about 20 minutes
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First Aid
• If the sharp object is still in the wound leave it there
...

• Then bandage the pad firmly in position
• If there is more bleeding, apply more pressure on top of the dressing
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First Aid
• Apply pressure to stop bleeding
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e
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All head injuries are potentially dangerous since hidden damage can cause major
problems in the long run
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First Aid
Apply a cold compression
Keep on making observations to check on the child alertness
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Stings are caused by bees and wasps
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First Aid
• Apply salt or alcohol to the leech to make it withdraw from the skin
• If there is bleeding apply pressure until it stops
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

Ticks: They are small insects that suck blood
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• Pull out gently (it is advisable to use oil)

 Snake bite- Most snake-bitescause pain and redness
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However it is not easy to determine whether or not a
snake-bite is life threatening
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(This will minimize circulation of
the poisoned blood
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• The limb should be immobilized with a splint or sling
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brow
Spider bites
• Apply ice around the bite
• Direct contact of the wound and the ice should be avoided
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Vii) Choking
when a foreign object is lodged in the airway, a child can easily collapse and
eventually die
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This is
followed by inability to speak or breathe
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If the victim is a baby, he or she should be held facing down at an angle
and given gentle strokes
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If it is not there, perform Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
Steps of Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
 Place the victim on a firm surface
 Use the first and second finger of the hand to locate the closest
 victims feet, margin of the rib
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 Place the other hand directly over the hand on the sternum

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 Press the sternum with the weight of your shoulders
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 This should be repeated rhythmically
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Symptoms: The victim looks shocked, feels faint and dizzy, and may even
collapse
First Aid
• Lay the casualty down and elate the legs
• Loosen tight clothing at the neck and waist
• Avoid giving food or drinks before recovery
• If the victim does not respond, he or she should be put in a recovery
• position
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The position
helps to sustain open airway and to prevent the tongue from falling to the back
of the throat
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Steps to recovery position
 Tilt the head to open airway
 Place the arm next to you across the chest
 Put the other arm away from the body
 Cross the legs
 Gently roll the victim on their side
 Tilt the head back and open airway
 Bring the knee up to support the victim’s position
x) Epilepsy
Though not very common, it is not unusual to have an epileptic child in your
class
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A
dislocation could result from a fall
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•
•
•
•

Place the casualty in the most comfortable position
Support the injured part
Apply cold compression
Seek medical help
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• Help the casualty to see a doctor
• Do not make the victim vomit since this may cause further damage
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• Let the victim blink several times
• Help the casualty to gently flush the eye under cool clean running water to
try to dislodge the foreign object
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b) Ear
• If an insect has entered the canal, gently pour water or vegetable oil into
the ear
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• If the object does not come out, seek medical advice
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c) Nose
• If a small foreign body has entered the nose, the child should block the
other side and blow the nose
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• Traditionally, the victim is made to sniff tobacco as this induces sneezing
and may force the object out
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Accidents to children: the doctor's role
...
1991 Jul;66(7):890–893
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Patterns of injuries to
children on public playgrounds
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1994 Oct;71(4):328–330
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Stress in families of children who have ingested poisons
...
1975 Jul
12;3(5975):87–89
...
Life events and childhood morbidity: a
prospective study
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1982 Dec;70(6):935–940
...
Does health education prevent
childhood accidents? Postgrad Med J
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Thompson RS, Rivara FP, Thompson DC
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N Engl J Med
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Maimaris C, Summers CL, Browning C, Palmer CR
...

BMJ
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Spaite DW, Murphy M, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW
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J Trauma
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Johnston C, Rivara FP, Soderberg R
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Pediatrics
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Mierley MC, Baker SP
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JAMA
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Runyan CW, Bangdiwala SI, Linzer MA, Sacks JJ, Butts J
...
N Engl J Med
...


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Eadie PA, Williams R, Dickson WA
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1995 Mar;48(2):103–105
Chalmers DJ, Marshall SW, Langley JD, Evans MJ, Brunton CR, Kelly AM,
Pickering AF
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Inj Prev
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Colver AF, Hutchinson PJ, Judson EC
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Br Med J
(Clin Res Ed) 1982 Oct 23;285(6349):1177–1180
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Does home visiting prevent childhood injury? A
systematic
review of randomised controlled trials
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1996 Jan
6;312(7022):29–33

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