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Literacy Skills
Reading Skills
At one time it was thought that there was an age when all children became ready for reading
instruction
...
In this lesson, we will discuss skills that children require for
reading, how we can prepare children for reading and some of the methods that are commonly
used to teach reading to young children
...
It depends with the level of reading
or the level of the reader
...


-

Ability to recognize the format of a text for example, words, sentence, phrases,
paragraphs, poetry, song among others
...


In schooling, reading will be described as simply a process that involves perceiving printed
material or symbols (letters, words, numbers or pictures) and interpreting it in order to
understand it
...
The child needs to see the
shapes of letters, words and other symbols on a page and to understand that those shapes have
meanings and represent the language s/he understands
...
Before accomplishing all
this, the child needs to understand the language he intends to read
...
A failure to
remember a word he has already seen, for example, may easily lead to early disappointments
...
This preliminary work is referred to as pre-reading
activities
...
It also provides the teacher an opportunity to
discover any children with potential problems in the skills concerned with reading
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This needs good eyesight
...
There are three types of visual skills
that are necessary if the child is going to be able to read
...
That is, the quality of the child’s sight
...
It is often difficult for the teacher to notice if
the child is having a problem with his eyesight
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a) Does the child screw up his eyes when looking at a picture, a book or chalkboard?

b) Does the child hold the book close to his face or put his head on the desk to be nearer to
the page?
c) When you ask questions about pictures, does the child miss obvious details?
d) These indications suggest that the child is unable to see properly
...


You can do the following:
a) Move the child to a place where he or she will see more easily
...

b) Make sure that materials to be read by children are clear and large enough to be seen
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Visual discrimination
These deal with the child’s ability to see differences in letter and word shape
...
The ability to see similarities and differences can
be checked before the child begins reading
...
Consequently the child develops a habit of
looking carefully at shapes of letters and symbols
...


Visual Discrimination Activities
These activities include:
Sorting and matching activities: Grouping objects, pictures or shapes by colour, shape or size
encourage children to see differences and similarities
...
There are many things that children can sort into groups for example,
bottle tops, stones, leaves, pictures
...
The child is asked to fix the pieces and fit
them together to make the whole picture
...


The odd-one-out game: The child is required to pick out the one picture, shape, letter or word
that is different from the others
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For example:

Incomplete pictures
Here you give a child pictures of objects or things that have one part missing
...
For example, give them pictures of a child with one shoe, a
table without one leg, a child without a nose etcetera
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You then
ask the child to arrange picture against picture so as to form a sequence
...
It is important for
reading
...
Visual
memory can be improved if the child is given an opportunity to practice remembering what he or
she has seen
...
Give children a few seconds to look at
the objects
...
The number of objects can be increased as the children improve their
visual memory
...


What did you see?
Ask children memory questions after visits or walks
...


Auditory Skills
Language development is dependent on being able to hear and imitate sounds
...


Auditory acuity
The quality of a person’s ability to hear is referred to as auditory acuity
...
To do this it
is important for the teacher to be able to identify a child who has hearing problems
...
This is not a natural eye movement
...


Children therefore need training in moving eyes in the correct

direction, if they are going to be able to read
...


Activities for left-right orientation

The following are some of the activities that can be utilized to help children orient themselves to
reading from left to right
...

For example

Sequence stories
Give children pictures arranged in sequence from left to right to form a story
...
They can only do this correctly by following the pictures in the correct direction (from
left to right)

Observing patterns from left to right
cccccccccccccc
uuuuuuuuuu
aaaaaaa

Reading Disorders
Some of the reading disorders include:

Dyslexia
A disorder in children who fail to attain the reading skills of reading such as spelling
commensurate with their intellectual abilities, in spite of having

appropriate conventional

classroom experience
...

Dyslexia usually persists throughout life
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The child has no vision or
hearing problem that one could associate with the reading inability
...


Dyslexia can go undetected in the early years of schooling
...
This could lead to other problems
...
This is often accompanied by
behavior problems at home and at school
...
The child's success in school is threatened if the problem
remains untreated
...
Visual dyslexia is characterized by number and
letter reversals and the inability to write symbols in the correct sequence
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The sounds are perceived as
jumbled or not heard correctly
...
It is a good idea to leave the writing longs enough on the
chalkboard so that the child can write without hurry
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This is likely to cause him embarrassment
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Such habits can be exhibited irrespective of whether
the child has reading difficulties or not
...
This could affect a child’s concentration
...
This habit may affect a child’s speed of
reading which may consequently affect the reading fluency and comprehension of what is read
...

During normal reading, the eyes move from left to right across a line of text
...
Some readers, however, to
keep skipping back to the words read earlier
...
This
reading habit is a significant problem in slower readers
...
A reader who vocalizes has to make a big

mechanical reading effort to extract a small amount of information
...
The slow speed of reading, results in a poor level of comprehension thus
making reading a frustrating, fruitless exercise
...
This affects
concentration; reading becomes slow hence affecting comprehension
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E
...
The Exceptional Child: Mainstreaming in Early Childhood Education, Second
edition
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Cook, R
...
, A
...
Armbruster
...
Adapting Early Childhood Curricula for
Children with Special Needs, Second edition
...

Flecther, P
...
, (1995)
...
Boston, M
...

Blackwell Publishers Ltd
...
, Roberta, H-P
...
(1999)
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New York:P penguin Group Ltd
...


and

Leneberg

E
...


Foundations

of

language

Development;

A

Multidisciplinary Approach
...
III
...
, and J
...
Miller
...
The New Language of Toys: Teaching Communication Skills to
Children with Special Needs
...
(1975) Write well, Oxford University Press; Nairobi
HannW
...
Hodder Stoughton: London
Kitonga, E (1975) Write Better
...
and Mason M (1973) Let’s write Longman, Nairobi
KENYA Institute of Education, (2009)
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Nairobi: KIE
_________________________,

(2009)
...
Nairobi: KIE
Pearson, H
...
The Teaching of Language Skills; listening-talking-reading- writing, Nairobi:
Oxford University Press

Wanjohi, G
...
(2009)
...

Nairobi: Longhorn (SasaSema) Publishers Ltd
...
(2007)
...




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