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Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Psoas

Major-superficial Lesser trochanter
(lateral surfaces of of femur
T12, L1-L4, and
associated
vertebral disks),
major-deep (costal
processes of L1L5)

Iliacus

Iliac fossa

Lesser trochanter
of femur

Anterior inferior
iliac spine
(straight head),
acetabular roof of
hip joint (reflected
head)
Anterior superior
iliac spine

On tibial
tuberosity via
patellar ligament

Rectus femoris
(Pg 482)

Sartorius

Tensor fascia latae Anterior superior
iliac spine

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Lateral lip of linea
aspera, lateral
surface of greater
trochanter

Medial to tibial
tuberosity
(together with
gracilis and
semitendinosus)
Iliotibial tract

On tibial
tuberosity via
patellar ligament,
lateral part of
tibial tuberosity
Medial lip of linea On tibial
aspera, distal part tuberosity via
of
patellar ligament,
intertrochanteric
medial part of
line
tibial tuberosity

Actions

Nerve

Hip (flexion and
external rotation),
lumbar spine
(unilateral
contraction bends
trunk laterally to
same side, bilateral
raises trunk from
supine position)
Hip (flexion and
external rotation),
lumbar spine
(unilateral
contraction bends
trunk laterally to
same side, bilateral
raises trunk from
supine position)
Hip (flexion), entire
muscle-quad (knee
extension)

Direct branches
from lumbar
plexus (L1-L3)

Hip (flexion,
abduction, and
external rotation),
knee (flexion and
internal rotation)
Tenses the fascia
lata, abduction,
flexion, and internal
rotation of hip joint

Femoral nerve
(L2, L3)

Knee extension

Femoral nerve
(L2-L4)

Knee extension

Femoral nerve
(L2-L4)

Femoral nerve

Femoral nerve
(L2-L4)

Superior gluteal
nerve (L4-S1)

Vastus
intermedius

Anterior side of
femoral shaft

On tibial
tuberosity via
patellar ligament

Knee extension

Femoral nerve
(L2-L4)

Pectineus

Pecten pubis

Pectineal line and
proximal linea
aspera of femur

Adduction, external
rotation, and slight
flexion of hip joint

Femoral nerve
and obturator
nerve (L2, L3)

Adductor brevis

Inferior pubic
ramus

Linea aspera:
medial lip in
upper third of
femur

Obturator nerve
(L2, L3)

Adductor longus

Superior pubic
Linea aspera:
ramus and anterior medial lip in
side of symphysis middle third of
femur

Adductor magnus

Inferior pubic
ramus, ischial
ramus, and ischial
tuberosity

Adduction and
flexion (up to 70
degrees) of hip joint,
extends (past 80
degrees), stabilizes
pelvis in coronal and
sagittal planes
Adduction and
flexion (up to 70
degrees) of hip joint,
extends (past 80
degrees), stabilizes
pelvis in coronal and
sagittal planes
Adduction,
extension, and slight
flexion of hip joint
(superficial also
active in internal
rotation), stabilizes
pelvis in coronal and
sagittal plane

Gracilis

Inferior pubic
ramus below
pubic symphysis

Hip joint (adduction
and flexion), knee
joint (flexion and
internal rotation)

Obturator nerve
(L2, L3)

Gluteus maximus

Lateral part of
dorsal surface of
sacrum, posterior
part of gluteal
surface of ilium
(behind posterior
gluteal line), also
from
thoracolumbar
fascia and

Entire muscle
(extends and
externally rotates the
hip, stabilizes the hip
in both sagittal and
coronal planes),
upper fibers
(abduction), lower
fibers (adduction)

Inferior gluteal
nerve (L5-S2)

Deep fleshy
insertion (medial
lip of linea
aspera),
superficial
tendinous
insertion
(adductor tubercle
of femur)
Medial border of
tibial tuberosity
(along with
tendons of
Sartorius and
semitendinosus)
Upper fibers
(iliotibial tract),
lower fibers
(gluteal
tuberosity)

Obturator nerve
(L2-L4)

Deep (obturator
nerve L2-L4),
superficial
(tibial nerve L4)

sacrotuberous
ligament

Gluteus medius

Gluteal surface of
ilium (below iliac
crest between
anterior and
posterior gluteal
line)

Gluteus minimus

Gluteal surface of
ilium (below
origin of gluteus
medius)

Piriformis

Pelvic surface of
sacrum

Gemellus superior

Ischial spine

Obturator internus

Inner surface of
obturator
membrane and its
bony boundaries

Gemellus inferior

Ischial tuberosity

Obturator externus Outer surface of
obturator
membrane and its
bony boundaries

Lateral surface of
greater trochanter
of femur

Entire muscle
(abducts hip,
stabilizes the pelvis
in coronal plane),
anterior (flexion and
internal rotation),
posterior (extension
and external rotation)
Anterolateral
Entire muscle
surface of greater (abducts hip,
trochanter of
stabilizes pelvis in
femur
coronal plane),
anterior (flexion and
internal rotation),
posterior (extension
and external rotation)
Apex of greater
External rotation,
trochanter of
abduction, and
femur
extension of hip
joint, stabilizes hip
joint
Jointly with
External rotation,
obturator internus adduction, and
tendon (medial
extension of the hip
surface, greater
joint (also active in
trochanter)
abduction depending
on position of joint)
Medial surface of External rotation,
greater trochanter adduction, and
extension of hip joint
(also active in
abduction, depending
on position of joint)
Jointly with
External rotation,
obturator internus adduction, and
tendon (medial
extension of the hip
surface, greater
joint (also active in
trochanter)
abduction depending
on position of joint)
Trochanteric fossa Adduction, external
of femur
rotation of hip joint,
stabilizes pelvis in
sagittal plane

Superior gluteal
nerve (L4-S1)

Superior gluteal
nerve (L4-S1)

Direct branches
from sacral
plexus (S1, S2)
Direct branches
from sacral
plexus (L5, S1)

Direct branches
from sacral
plexus (L5, S1)

Direct branches
from sacral
plexus (L5, S1)

Obturator nerve
(L3, L4)

Quadratus femoris

Lateral border of
ischial tuberosity

Biceps femoris

Long head (ischial
tuberosity,
sacrotuberous
ligament, common
head with
semitendinosus),
short head (lateral
lip of linea aspera
in middle third of
femur)
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
and sacrotuberous
ligament
(common head
with long head of
biceps femoris)
Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity

Intertrochanteric
crest of femur

External rotation and Direct branches
adduction of hip joint from sacral
plexus (L5, S1)

Head of fibula

Hip (long head:
adduction, extends
hip, stabilizes pelvis
in sagittal plane),
knee (entire muscle:
flexion and external
rotation)

Tibial nerve
(L5-S2, long
head), common
fibular nerve
(L5-S2, short
head)

Medial to tibial
tuberosity in pes
anserinus (along
with tendons of
gracilis and
Sartorius)
Medial tibial
condyle, oblique
popliteal ligament,
popliteus fascia

Hip (adduction,
extends hip,
stabilizes pelvis in
sagittal plane), knee
(flexion and internal
rotation)
Hip (adduction,
extends hip,
stabilizes pelvis in
sagittal plane), knee
(flexion and internal
rotation)
Flexes and unlocks
knee by internally
rotating femur on
fixed head of tibia 5
degrees)
Talocrural joint
(plantar flexion),
knee joint (flexion)

Tibial nerve
(L5-S2)

Calcaneal
tuberosity via
calcaneal
(Achilles’) tendon

Talocrural joint
(plantar flexion)

Tibial nerve (S1,
S2)

Calcaneal
tuberosity via
calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon

Negligible due to its
small cross section,
may act to prevent
compression of

Tibial nerve (S1,
S2)

Popliteus

Lateral femoral
condyle, posterior
horn of lateral
meniscus

Posterior tibial
surface (aboce
origin of soleus)

Gastrocnemius

Medial head
(medial
epicondyle of
femur), lateral
head (lateral
epicondyle of
femur)
Posterior surface
of head and neck
of fibula, attached
to soleal line of
tibia via tendinous
arch
Lateral epicondyle
proximal to lateral
head of
gastrocnemius

Calcaneal
tuberosity via
calcaneal
(Achilles’) tendon

Soleus

Plantaris

Tibial nerve
(L5-S2)

Tibial nerve
(L4-S1)

Tibial nerve (S1,
S2)

posterior leg
musculature during
knee flexion
Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis
longus

Extensor
digitorum longus

Peroneus longus
(Fibularis longus)

Peroneus brevis
(Fibularis brevis)

Peroneus tertius
(Fibularis tertius)

Upper 2 thirds of
lateral surface of
tibia, crural
interosseous
membrane and
highest part of
superficial crural
fascia
Middle third of
medial surface of
fibula, crural
interosseous
membrane

Medial and
plantar surface of
medial cuneiform,
medial base of
first metatarsal

Talocrural joint
(dorsiflexion),
subtalar joint
(inversionsupination)

Deep fibular
nerve (L4, L5)

Dorsal
aponeurosis of
great toe and base
of its distal
phalanx

Deep fibular
nerve (L4, L5)

Lateral tibial
condyle, head of
fibula, medial
surface of fibula,
crural
interosseous
membrane
Head of fibula,
proximal 2/3 of
lateral surface of
fibula arising
partly from
intermuscular
septa
Distal half of
lateral surface of
fibula,
intermuscular
septa

By 4 slips to the
dorsal
aponeuroses of
2nd-5th toes and
bases of distal
phalanges of 2nd5th toes
Plantar side of
medial cuneiform,
base of 1st
metatarsal

Talocrural
(dorsiflexion),
subtalar (eversion
and inversion
depending on initial
position of foot),
extends
metatarsophalangeal
and interphalangeal
joints of great toe
Talocrural joint
(dorsiflexion),
subtalar (eversion,
pronation), extends
metatarsaophalangeal
joints of 2nd-5th toes
Talocrural joint
(plantar flexion),
subtalar joint
(eversion-pronation),
supports transverse
arch

Superficial
fibular nerve
(L5, S1)

Talocrural joint
(plantar flexion),
subtalar joint
(eversion-pronation)

Superficial
fibular nerve
(L5, S1)

Talocrural joint
(dorsiflexion),
subtalar joint
(eversion-pronation)

Deep fibular
nerve (L5, S1)

Anterior border of
distal fibula

Tuberosity at base
of 5th metatarsal
with an occasional
division to the
dorsal aponeurosis
of 5th toe
Base of 5th
metatarsal

Deep fibular
nerve (L4, L5)

Tibialis posterior

Crural
interosseous
membrane and
adjacent borders
of the tibia and
fibula

Tuberosity of
navicular, medial,
intermediate, and
lateral cuneiforms,
bases of 2nd-4th
metatarsals

Flexor digitorum
longus

Middle third of
posterior surface
of tibia

Bases of 2nd-5th
distal phalanges

Flexor hallucis
longus

Distal 2 thirds of
posterior surface
of fibula, adjacent
crural
interosseous
membrane

Base of distal
phalanx of great
toe

Extensor
digitorum brevis

Dorsal surface of
calcaneus

Dorsal
aponeurosis of
2nd-5th toes, bases
of middle
phalanges of these
toes

Extensor hallucis
brevis

Dorsal surface of
calcaneus

Abductor hallucis

Medial process of
calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis,
flexor retinaculum

Dorsal
aponeurosis of
great toe, base of
proximal phalanx
of great toe
Base of proximal
phalanx of great
toe via medial
sesamoid

Talocrural (plantar
flexion), subtalar
(inversionsupination), supports
longitudinal and
transverse arches of
foot
Talocrural (plantar
flexion), subtalar
(inversionsupination), MTP/IP
of 2nd-5th toes
(plantar flexion)
Talocrural (plantar
flexion), subtalar
(inversionsupination), MTP/IP
joints of great toe
(plantar flexion),
supports medial
longitudinal arch of
foot
Extension of
metatarsophalangeal
and proximal
interphalangeal joints
of 2nd-4th toes

Tibial nerve
(L4, L5)

Extension of
metatarsophalangeal
joint of great toe

Deep fibular
nerve (L5, S1)

1st
metatarsophalangeal
joint (flexion and
medial abduction of
great toe), supports
longitudinal arch
Flexes first MTP
joint, supports
longitudinal arch

Medial plantar
nerve (S1, S2)

Tibial nerve
(L5-S2)

Tibial nerve
(L4-S1)

Deep fibular
nerve (L5, S1)

Extensor
digitorum brevis

Flexor hallucis
brevis

Cuboid, lateral
cuneiform

Medial head (base
of proximal
phalanx of great
toe via medial
sesamoid), lateral

Medial plantar
nerve (S1, S2)

head (base of
proximal phalanx
of great toe via
lateral sesamoid)
Abductor digiti
minimi

Lateral process
and inferior
surface of
calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis
Base of 5th
metatarsal, long
plantar ligament

Base of proximal
phalanx of little
toe, tuberosity of
5th metatarsal

Flexes MTP joint of
little toe, abducts
little toe, supports
longitudinal arch

Lateral plantar
nerve (S1-S3)

Base of proximal
phalanx of little
toe

Flexes MTP joint of
little toe

Lateral plantar
nerve (S2, S3)

Opponens digiti
minimi

Lateral plantar
ligament, plantar
tendon sheath of
fibularis longus

5th metatarsal

Pulls 5th metatarsal
slightly in plantar
and medial direction

Lateral plantar
nerve (S2, S3)

Flexor digitorum
brevis

Medial tubercle of
calcaneal
tuberosity, plantar
aponeurosis

Sides of middle
phalanges of 2nd5th toes

Flexes MTP and PIP
of 2nd-5th toes,
supports longitudinal
arch of foot

Medial plantar
nerve (S1, S2)

Adductor hallucis

Oblique head
(bases of 2nd-4th
metatarsals,
cuboid, lateral
cuneiform),
transverse head
(MTP joints of
3rd-5th toes, deep
transverse
metatarsal
ligament)
Medial and
plantar borders on
plantar side of
calcaneal
tuberosity
Medial borders of
flexor digitorum
longus tendons

Base of first
proximal phalanx
by common
tendon via lateral
sesamoid

Flexes 1st MTP joint,
adducts great toe,
transverse head
(supports transverse
arch), oblique head
(supports
longitudinal arch)

Lateral plantar
nerve (S2, S3)

Lateral border of
flexor digitorum
longus tendon

Redirects and
augments the pull of
flexor digitorum
longus

Lateral plantar
nerve (S1-S3)

Dorsal
aponeurosis of
2nd-5th toes

Flexes MTP joints of
2nd-5th toes,
extension of IP joints
of 2nd-5th toes,
adducts 2nd-5th toes
toward great toe

1st (medial
plantar nerve,
S2, S3), 2nd-4th
(lateral plantar
nerve, S2, S3)

Flexor digiti
minimi brevis

Quadratus plantae

Lumbricals 1-4

Dorsal interossei
(1st-3rd)

Medial border of
3rd-5th metatarsals

Plantar interossei
(1st-4th)

By 2 heads from
opposing sides of
1st-5th metatarsals

Medial base of
proximal phalanx
of 3rd-5th toes

Flexes MTP joints of
3rd-5th toes, extension
of IP joints of 3rd-5th
toes, adducts 3rd-5th
toes toward 2nd toe
st
1 (medial base of Flexes MTP joints of
2nd proximal
2nd-4th toes,
phalanx, dorsal
extension of IP joints
aponeurosis of 2nd of 2nd-4th toes,
toe) 2nd-4th (lateral abducts 3rd and 4th
base of 2nd-4th
toes from 2nd toe
proximal
phalanges, dorsal
aponeurosis of
2nd-4th toes)

Lateral plantar
nerve (S2, S3)

Lateral plantar
nerve (S2, S3)



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