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Title: ERIK Erikson theory
Description: Erik Erikson was a German psychologist who suffered serious identity crisis in his youthful years. His parents divorced when he was a young child and he stayed with his mother. He then concluded that a need for identity is a major aspect in life. He also felt that the influence of the society on the development of personality should not be underestimated.

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Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
Introduction
Erik Erikson was a German psychologist who suffered serious identity crisis in his youthful years
...
He then concluded
that a need for identity is a major aspect in life
...
The psychosocial development theory
as articulated by Erikson explains eight stages through which a healthily developing human should
pass, from infancy to late adulthood
...
If the
crisis in a given stage is not resolved, the individual continues to struggle with it and if not
completed, is expected to reappear as problems in the future
...

Stage 1: Infancy (Birth to 18 months)
In this first stage, the psychosocial crisis is defined as trust versus mistrust
...
These include, attention,
feeding, changing and holding
...
If the child's needs are adequately met, the child learns to trust the
caregiver and this is then extended to die other people in the child's environment
...
Trust should
predominate but the child should develop a little mistrust because not all people in the environment
can be trusted and in some circumstances and situations cannot always guarantee trust
...
Therefore, if the concept of trust
versus mistrust is not addressed, taught and handled during infancy, the individual may be
negatively affected for the rest of their life
...
They may then lose hope and continually struggle with
overcoming hard times and failures in their life and may never fully recover from them
...
During this
stage the toddler discovers that he or she is no longer attached to the primary caregiver, but is a
separate individual
...
They work
in and between places, and force adults to do things their own way
...
During this stage children
begin to make their own decisions and judgments
...
For example, removing clothes because they are forced
by their mother to put them on
...
However, when
the toddler is not given choices or boundaries, shame and doubt may result
...
Autonomy can only be gained when given
reasonable choices and proper guidance from the caregiver
...
At this stage, the child

wants to begin and complete his or her own actions for a purpose
...
In this stage
the child initiates activities and begins to form and carry out goals and make judgment about what
they want to do
...
The child is learning to
master the world around him or her, learning basic skills and principles of physics
...
A child who fails to meet his/her goals feels guilty
...
Those who fail to resolve the crisis well may become guilty and repressed
and in adulthood they may consistently inhibit their impulses and fail to express themselves
...

Stage 4: School age (6 to 12 years)
Like Freud, Erikson views this stage as that of relative emotional calmness
...
According to him, the child can attend his schooling and learn the skills
that are useful for his life which are in accordance with his societal and cultural expectations
...
Children at this stage are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals, and
will work hard at being responsible and good, and doing the right thing
...
At this stage, the children are eager to learn
and accomplish more complex skills such as reading, writing and telling the time
...
They should be helped to learn
and feel success
...
It should be noted, though, that too much industry will not allow
children to be children
...

STAGE 5: ADOLESCENCE {12 TO 20 YEARS}
During this stage, the psychosocialogical crisis is identity versus role confusion
...
The child experiences a need to
become a unique adult with an important role in life
...
They also abuse
drugs and substance and lazy around
...

STAGE 6: EARLY ADULTHOOD (20 - 40YEARS)
This is the stage of intimacy versus isolation
...

He asserts that this stage is commonly manifested during the period between 19 to 34 years
...
This intimacy is expressed through sharing of feelings and emotions and
achieves a mutual devotion to each other
...
The virtue achieved in this stage is the virtue of love which may lead to courtship and
end up in marriage
...
Isolated persons usually express worry, anxiety,

resentment, fear, concern and withdrawal from any attempt to establish intimacy
...
Generativity is the concern to establish and
guide the next generation
...
The virtue
of caring is developed in this stage
...

A stagnant person cannot bring out about continuity to the next generation
...
Hence they become
irresponsible
...
It is the stage of
ego and integrity versus despair
...
They tend to look back on good times with gladness, hard
times with self-respect and on mistakes and regrets with forgiveness
...
A person with integrity feels proud of his/her successes, achievements and productivity
...
People who fail to resolve the crisis at this stage
develop despair
...
They always worry about
death and wish that they could still live a little longer to accomplish those tasks they were not able
to accomplish
...
They
complain about others not being responsive to them and are a cause of discomfort and irritation
...
Parents and caregivers should meet the needs of children adequately
...
This influences the development of personality in the other stages and in
adulthood,
2
...

3
...

Therefore, there is need for them to develop independence and judge what is best
...
Parents, teachers and caregivers should provide assistance, guidance and encouragement
to children to boost their self-esteem
...
W
...
Concepts of trait and personality
...

Allport, F
...
, & Allport, G
...
(1921)
...
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 16, 6-40
...
G
...
Gordon Allport
...
Online at:
http://webspace
...
edu/cgboer/allport
...
(1969)
...
New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston
...
& Walters, R
...
Social Learning and Personality Development
...

Baumeister, R
...
, & Tice, D
...
(1996)
...
Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 363-373
...
B
...
The scientific analysis of personality
...
B
...
The scientific analysis of personality
...
S
...
Emergent integration in contemporary personality
psychology
...

Diener, E
...
Traits can be powerful, but are not enough: Lessons from subjective
well-being
...

Dweck, C
...
(1996)
...
Journal of Research in
Personality, 30, 348-362
...
(1996)
...
Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 435-446
...
P
...
What do we know when we know a person? Journal of
Personality, 63, 365-396
...
R
...
T
...
(1995)
...
European Journal of Personality, 9, 231-252
McClelland, D
...
(1996)
...

Mweru, M
...
(2009)
...
Nairobi: Longhorn
publishers
Pervin, L
...
(1985)
...
Annual
Review of Psychology, 36, 83-114
...
(1995)
...
Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 295-328
...
E
...
W
...
Seventh Edition
...

Roberts, B
...
, & DelVecchio, W
...
(2000)
...
Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25
...
G
...
R
...
R
...
Views of the future
...



Title: ERIK Erikson theory
Description: Erik Erikson was a German psychologist who suffered serious identity crisis in his youthful years. His parents divorced when he was a young child and he stayed with his mother. He then concluded that a need for identity is a major aspect in life. He also felt that the influence of the society on the development of personality should not be underestimated.