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Personality Types and Temperaments
Introduction
By the end of this article, you should be able to:
1
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2
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3
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Theories of personality types aim to classify' people into distinct categories
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Personality types are
sometimes referred to as personality styles
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This classification was based on what they believed to be the dominant body fluid or
'humor' in one's blood, which they said corresponded to one's character
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Melancholic (depressed): Those with black bile in the body
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Sanguine (cheerful and optimistic): Those with bodies composed of excess blood
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Phlegmatic (unemotional or calm): Those with high levels of phlegm
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Choleric (irritable): Those with high levels of yellow bile in die body
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Type A and Type B personality theory
The type A and Type B personality theory is one that seeks to describe patterns of behaviour that
have health implication
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Type A individuals are described as very reactive, hard-driving (achievement oriented), and very
impatient, as they easily get angered when they are kept waiting or delayed for long, time
conscious, super motivated (they are in a continuous motion and attempt to do more than they are
expected to), verbally aggressive and express self-doubt
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They are highly aroused by harassment, if challenged or
threatened, which leads to physiological reactivity which increases their normal secretions, pulse
rate and blood pressure leading to strokes and heart attacks
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Type B individuals are easy-going, relaxed and calm
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less aroused or agitated
2
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are very patient and are not agitated when delayed
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Extroversion is the act, state
or habit of being predominantly concerned with obtaining gratification from what is outside the
self-Extroverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive and
gregarious
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Introversion is the state of tendency toward being predominantly concerned with and interested in
one's own mental life
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They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, drawing and
watching movies
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However, they do enjoy interaction with close friends
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They are more analytical before speaking
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Introverts enjoy solitary activities whereas shy people avoid social
encounters out offear, Ambiversion is a term used to describe people who fall more or less in the
middle
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In this dimension, personality is analyzed from the
extreme ends of the dimension
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Highly introverted individuals are socially reserved, like solitary activities,
retreat to their own self (enjoy being alone) and do not like attending parties
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Raymond
B
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He identified 16 basic dimensions of primary factors along
which people differ
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They refer to the
readiness of a person thinking or acting in a similar way in response to various situations
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The differences
are in the amounts or quantities of a, given characteristic, rather than the quality of a characteristic
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For this reason, the trait approach is preferred to the type approach
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Catell’s primary factors
Primary factor
Low range descriptors

High range descriptors

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Reasoning

Less intelligent (dull)

More intelligent (bright)

3
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Dominance

Submissive (obedient,
easily led)

Dominant (assertive)

5
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Rule- consciousness

Expedient (disregards
rules)

Conscientious (moralistic)

7
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Sensitivity

Tough minded (rejects
illusion)

Sensitive (tender minded

9
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Absracedness

Practical (down-to earth)

Maginative (absent-minded)

11
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Apprehension

Self-assured (secure)

Apprehensive (insecure,
troubled)

13
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Self- reliance

Group-dependent ( a joyrider joiner)

Self-sufficient (resourceful)

15
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Tension

Relaxed (composed)

Tense (frustrated)

The Big Five personality traits
Several personality trait approaches have been put forth over the years including the single, the
three, the five and the many personality traits approach
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These big five factors have been used in trait rating within North American, Asian, Hispanic and
European cultures
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The traits are:
1
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Conscientiousness - a tendency to show self-discipline, to be dutiful and show strife for
achievement competence,
3
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Agreeableness - a tendency to be compassionate towards others and not antagonistic
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Neurotism- a tendency to experience unpleasant reaction relatively easily
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Table 2
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1
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Neurotism
(emotionality)

Secure
Calm
Composed
Emotionally stable
Patient
Self-satisfied

3
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Agreeableness

Good-natured
Not jealous
Helpful/cooperative
Flexible
Trusting
Soft hearted

5
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 It helps in understanding the way children respond to various situations
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 It is useful in creating a friendly learning environment that respects and promotes children's
strengths and improves on their weaknesses
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 It enhances children's self-esteem and self-confidence
 It makes us appreciate and respect individual differences in children
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Concepts of trait and personality
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Allport, F
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, & Allport, G
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(1921)
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Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 16, 6-40
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G
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Gordon Allport
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Online at:
http://webspace
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edu/cgboer/allport
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(1969)
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New York: Holt, Rinehart &
Winston
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& Walters, R
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Social Learning and Personality Development
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Baumeister, R
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, & Tice, D
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 363-373
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B
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The scientific analysis of personality
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B
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The scientific analysis of personality
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S
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Emergent integration in contemporary personality
psychology
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Diener, E
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Traits can be powerful, but are not enough: Lessons from subjective
well-being
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Dweck, C
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in
Personality, 30, 348-362
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(1996)
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Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 435-446
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P
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What do we know when we know a person? Journal of
Personality, 63, 365-396
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R
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T
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(1995)
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European Journal of Personality, 9, 231-252
McClelland, D
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(1996)
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Mweru, M
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(2009)
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Nairobi: Longhorn
publishers
Pervin, L
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(1985)
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Annual
Review of Psychology, 36, 83-114
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(1995)
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Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 295-328
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E
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W
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Seventh Edition
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Roberts, B
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, & DelVecchio, W
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(2000)
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Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25
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G
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R
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R
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Views of the future
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