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Bio Exam 1 Review
Properties of Life
• Cellular organization
• DNA
• The ability to take in energy and molecules and use them (=Metabolism)
• Reproduction
Two types of cells
1
...
Eukaryotic - multicellular,
Taxonomic Ranks
Domain, Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Biological Organization for animals
Communities, populations, organs, tissues, cells
Kingdoms
• Animal
• Plant - photosynthetic, cell walls
• Protozoa
Etc
...
Eukarya - multicellular; plants, animals, fungi
2
...
Bacteria - unicellular
Archaea and Eukarya are known to be most closely related
Nucleus
• Contains protons and neutrons
• Nucleus is small and dense - atoms are mostly empty space
Electrons
• Shells
o Innermost (full) = 2
o Outermost (full) = 8
Bonds
• Covalent - electron sharing
• Ionic - electron transferring
• Hydrogen - weak but can form ‘bridges’ between molecules (ex: water molecules)
Water
• Polar
• Adhesion
• Cohesion - caused by Hydrogen bonding
• High surface tension
• High specific heat
• High heat of vaporization
• Ice floats
• Hydrophobic: water hating (ex: fats)
• Hydrophilic: water loving (polar molecules dissolve in water)
Reactions
• Reactants - on the left, what are reacting together
• Product - on the right, what is being made
• Solute - dissolving
• Solvent - does the dissolving
• Aqueous solution - dissolved in water
• Homogeneous - completely dissolved, uniform (ex: sugar in water)

• Heterogeneous - can see different substances (ex: sand in water)
Organic compounds
• Always contain Carbon
Dehydration Reactions - removing water to combine monomers
• One monomer loses a H+ atom, the other uses an -OH group (hydroxyl)
• Electrons are shared between atoms of the joined monomers
• H2O is formed as the monomers are joined
• Covalent bonds are formed between the monomers
• Reversal: Hydrolysis - adding water to separate monomers
Cell Theory - the idea that all living things are composed of cells that come from other cells
Membranous Compartmentalization - allows different metabolic processes to occur
simultaneously
Lysosomes
• Help digest damaged organelles
• Recycle materials within the cell
• Fuse with food vacuoles to expose nutrients to lysosomal enzymes
• Destroy harmful bacteria engulfed by wbc
Golgi Apparatus - protein packaging and shipping
Ribosomes - polypeptide synthesis
Turgor, cell walls, xylem tissue - all used to support plants
Turgid - full of water
Fluid Mosaic Model
• Individual proteins and phospholipids that can drift in a phospholipid bilayer
• The membrane as a mosaic of molecules
• The membrane as a mosaic function
Osmosis - the diffusion of water
Active Transport - the type of transmembrane transport that requires expenditure of ATP
Enzymes
• Mostly proteins
• Functions depend of shape (specific for certain substrates)
• Binds to substrate at the enzyme's active site
• Speed up reactions (catalysts) by lowering the activation energy of the reaction
• They are NOT used up in chemical reactions
• Are unchanged by reactions they catalyze
• High temperatures can denature enzymes
• Factors that can affect enzyme-catalyzed reactions:
o Temperature
o pH
o Competitive inhibitors (bind to active site)
o Noncompetitive inhibitors (do not bind to the active site, but can alter the shape
of the enzyme, therefore prohibiting it from doing its function)
Plasma Membranes - semi-permeable, allow certain substances to enter or leave a cell more
easily than others
Four Major Classes of Biological Molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
Phospholipids - polar, hydrophilic, phosphate containing heads and nonpolar, hydrophobic, fatty
acid containing tails



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