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Title: Life's Chemistry
Description: These notes go over the particles of an atom, and the different kinds of bonds that can be created between atoms. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.
Description: These notes go over the particles of an atom, and the different kinds of bonds that can be created between atoms. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.
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Life’s Chemistry
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A molecule's shape determines its functions
o How certain things taste or smell
o The structure certain cells have
o What can or can't move into/out of the cell
Cellulose is found in plants, which composes the cell wall
Protein receptors only interact with another molecule of a complementary shape
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into anything else
Atoms are the smallest component of any element
o Made up of subatomic particles
o Protons and neutrons in nucleus, electrons in electron cloud
Atomic number is the number of protons in the atom's nucleus
When the number of protons is equal to the number of the electrons, it is neutral
When the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons, the atom is an
ion
Electrons exist in energy cells
o The first shell holds two electrons
o The second shell holds eight electrons
o Octet rule: an atom is most stable when it has eight electrons in the outer shell
o If the outer energy shell is full, the atom is stable and will not react with anything
o If the outer energy shell is not full, the atom will lose/gain electrons in its outer
shell to become stable
A molecule is a stable association between two or more atoms
A covalent bond is when one or more atoms share electrons
o Sharing of electrons isn't always equal
o Some electrons may spend more time around a certain atom in a molecule
o Creates poles of partial positive and negative charges
▪ A nonpolar molecule is equal sharing
▪ A polar molecule is unequal sharing with poles of partial positive/negative
charges (water is a polar molecule)
An ionic bond is when atoms exchange electrons --> between two oppositely charged
ions
A hydrogen bond is when polar molecules orient themselves so that the positive pole
of one molecule is next to the negative end of another molecule
Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic bonds, which are weaker than covalent bonds
Water has special properties due to hydrogen bonds
o High surface tension because of cohesion
o When water freezes, it is less dense than liquid water because as waster freezes,
it becomes less tightly packed because of hydrogen bonds (explains why ice
floats)
o Good solvent because polar molecules dissolve in water (salt), but not nonpolar
molecules (fats and oils)
Title: Life's Chemistry
Description: These notes go over the particles of an atom, and the different kinds of bonds that can be created between atoms. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.
Description: These notes go over the particles of an atom, and the different kinds of bonds that can be created between atoms. These notes were taken for an introductory college biology course.