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01
...
For example- air, water, wood, are all matter
...

a
...
On the basis of intermolecular forces
...
It means solids have the tendency to maintain their shapes
when subjected to outside forces
...

In what way then the gas differs from liquid? It is compressibility
...
Due to this property we can fill more and more gas into the tyres, which increases only slightly in volume
...
In physics chemistry and biology the stable neighbouring particles (atoms, molecules
or ions) attract each other by a force termed as intermolecular forces
...
In case of solids these forces are strong enough to
keep the particles together and therefore solids have a particular shape
...
These are SOLID, LIQUID, GAS,
PLASMA and BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
...


SOLID-

a
...

c
...


Retains its own shape and volume (it is rigid)
...

The intermolecular forces are very strong and prevent them from moving
...


Common crystals are igneous rock, diamond and table
salt
...
A crystal is a solid where atoms form a periodic
arrangement
...


Q – What are quasicrystals?
Answer- As explained above, in crystals particles whose constituents

are atoms, molecule and ions are arranged in a definite geometrical shape
( a triangle, pentagon triangle, octahedral) in regularly repeating and
ordered pattern
...

Since pentagon shaped, molecules cannot fit into each other nature has added other atomic shape into the gap
...


Uses of quasicrystal
a
...


They are thermally stable, hence used in non-stick cookware
...


2
...

b
...

d
...

It is incompressible
...

It diffuses slowly
...
GAS

1

a
...

c
...


It assumes volume and shape of container
...

The diffusion of gas occurs rapidly (diffusion is the property of molecules to spread
simply from higher concentration to lower concentration
...

It flows readily
...
Plasma

Plasma is the ionic state of gas in which electrons are removed away from their shell by
applying high temperature or high voltage difference
...
Unlike gas, plasma are electrically conductive and produce
electric current
...
Lightning,
2
...
Fluorescent Lamp
4
...


5
...
In a BEC, matter stops behaving as independent particles, and collapses
into a single quantum state that can be described with a single, uniform wave function
...
It may occur when atoms have very similar (or the same)
quantum levels, at temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273
...


Non classical states of matter are
1
...


Glass – glass is a non crystalline or amorphous solid that exhibits the solid transition toward liquid state
...

They are used in making liquid crystals screens
...
But, for a scientist all these things are actually mixtures of
different substances and hence not pure
...
When a
scientist says that
Something is pure, it means that all the constituent particles of that substance are the same in their chemical nature
...
Only elements are pure while compounds, mixture (solution
and colloids) and alloys of metal are impure (it means it contains more than one type of particles)
...
Element

Element is the basic form of matter which cannot be broken into simpler type of matter by either
physical or chemical means
...

c) An element consists of only one kind of atoms
...

d) There are total 118 elements out of which 92 are found in nature 11 are gases and 2 are liquid at room
temperature
...

e) All the elements are represented in the periodic table
...
Compounds are substances in which two or more elements combine with one another in definite
proportion by mass
...

3
...
For
example air is the mixture of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon etc
...
Lemonade, soda water etc
...
Solution can be of a solid, liquid or a gas
...
For example, lemonade tastes the same throughout
...


WHAT IS A COLLOIDAL SOLUTION?

A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture, for example, milk
...

But, these particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light
...


Common examples of colloids
Fog, Clouds, Mist, Face Cream, Mud, Jelly, Cheese, Butter

3

02
...
e
...
The modern periodic table attempts to arrange all 118 elements in order
of increasing atomic number
...
Group shows similar properties because of similar outer electronic configuration
...
A gradation of properties owing to gradually varying attraction between the nucleus and outer valence
electrons as we go down the group
...

2
...
Hydrogen (1st element) is the lightest
element while ununoctium (118th element) is the heaviest element
...


a
...
There are seven periods
...
Lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon constitute the
second period
...
The elements of second and third
periods have respectively 2 ( K and L) and 3 ( K, L and M) shells and so on
...
Groups-

Groups are the verticals column in periodic table
...
Elements in a group have same number
of valence electrons
...
This is

4

why elements in any given group have similar properties
...


Elements of group 1
...
This single valence electron is easily lost when
requisite amount of energy is supplied to form a positively charged ion such as H+, Na +, K+
...

At the other end of the table is group 17 elements which contains 7 electrons, n the outermost shell, i
...
1
electron less than the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost shell
...
This transforms the atoms
into ions with a single negative charge such as F, Cl, Br, I
...

Group 18 elements have their outermost shell completely filled and the atoms of these elements have no
tendency to gain or lose elements
...

Hence the gases of group 18 such as helium, neon and argon are called inert gases
...
It includes elements like Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium
...
For example- Scandium, Titanium, Chromium, Iron,
Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Mercury
...
Blocks

The periodic table is divided into four blocks based on electronic configuration
...
It contain highly electron
positively metals
...
P block also includes semiconductors such as
silicon, germanium, antimony, bismuth
...
It contains transition metals
...
It contains lanthanides and actinides
...


Practical uses of elements
Uses of S Block elements
Group 11
...
rocket fuel
b
...

2
...

b
...


Batteries
Alloy with aluminium, copper to make aircraft bodies
...


3
...
Sodium vapour lamp
...
Sodium compounds including "common salt" (sodium chloride, NaCl), "soda ash" (sodium carbonate,

Na2CO3), "baking soda" (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, "bicarb"), and "caustic soda" (sodium
hydroxide, NaOH), are important to the glass, soap, chemical, and metal industries
...
POTASSIUM (Atomic Number-19)
a
...
Potassium Nitrate used in gunpowder, fireworks
...
Potassium permanganate- mild antiseptic
...
Potassium hydroxide- Liquid detergent
...
Potassium bromide- Photography
Group 25
...

b
...

Alloy with copper – very light- used in watch spring, computer parts
...

b
...

The magnesium hydroxide, (milk of magnesia), magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts) - used in
medicine
...
MAGNESSIUM (Atomic Number-12)

7
...

b
...

2
...

4
...


Quick lime (Calcium oxide)- used in making washing powder
...


c
...
Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate from the bicarbonate and precipitates calcium
carbonate out of solution, leaving water that is softer upon cooling
...
It cannot be removed by boiling
...

In swimming pools, hard water is manifested by a turbid, or cloudy (milky), appearance to the water
...

A common method for water softening involves the use of ion exchange resins, which replace ions like
Ca2+ by monocations such as sodium or potassium ions
...
STRONTIUM (Atomic Number-38)
a
...

c
...

Strontium Isotope- Treatment of Bone cancer
...


9
...


b
...

Making rat poison
...
TITANIUM (Atomic Number 22)

Titanium is a light weight metal- alloys with aluminium is used in making aircraft industries, also used in
making artificial joints
...
VANADIUM (Atomic Number-23)
a
...


a
...

c
...


Making stainless steel
...

Tanning lather
Chromium plating on cars produces silver finish that is highly resistance to corrosion
...
CHROMIUM

Harmful Effect-

6

It is carcinogenic
...
MANGANESE (Atomic number-25)

a
...

b
...


Harmful Effect

Excess manganese, particularly inhalation of the powder/dust, is toxic
...
Miners and welders are at greater risk of exposure
...
Iron (Atomic Number-26)

a
...
Vital in the functioning of living organisms, transporting oxygen in blood via haemoglobin molecule
...
Cobalt (Atomic Number-27)

1
...

3
...

5
...
It is magnetic
...

Batteries
...

Radioactive 60Co is used in the treatment of cancer
...


16
...

2
...

4
...


Copper is a reddish soft metal
...

Because it corrodes slowly, copper is used in roofing, guttering, and as rainspouts on buildings
...

Gun metals and American coins are copper alloys
...


6
...
Copper cookware should be lined to prevent
ingestion of toxic verdigris (compounds formed when copper corrodes)
...
ZINC (Atomic Number-30)
a
...

c
...


To Galvanize iron to inhibit corrosion
...

Zinc-carbon batteries
...


18
...
Alloys
b
...

c
...


19
...


b
...

d
...
Useful in the cladding (outer layer) of Uranium fuel
rods through which neutrons can travel easily
...

Zircon (zirconium silicate, ZrSiO4) is a natural gemstone
...
It can be used for carbon sequestration
...

b
...

d
...


Rechargeable Nickel cadmium batteries
...

In paints, fabric dyes
...

Cadmium chloride- Fungicide
Plastic

20
...
Cadmium is highly toxic
...
It can cause kidney, lung intestine damage
...
Mercury (Atomic Number-80)
a
...

c
...

e
...

Amalgamating with metals, it is used by unorganised sector to extracts gold in unhealthy conditions
...

Compounds of mercury are used in cosmetic (mascara)
...


Harmful effect of mercury

a
...

b
...

This phenomenon is called BIOMAGNIFICATION
...
It causes brain, kidney, and lung damage
...
It causes diseases
...
Minamata- It is a neurological disease
...
Crippling of hand and feet
...
Damage to hearing and speech
...
In extreme cases paralysis, death
...
BORON (Atomic Number-26)
1
...

3
...


Boron is a metalloid
...

Boric Acid-mild antiseptic
...
They are the hardest materials in the earth
...
Aluminium (Atomic Number-13)

It is most abundant element of earth crust
...

1
...
Aircraft and rocket bodies (because it is light in weight)
3
...
CARBON (Atomic Number-6)

Most abundant element of organic life
...

1
...
It is used ina
...

b
...
Lubricant
2
...
It is used in
a
...
In cutting, dealing and grinding
...
Graphene- it is the thinnest and strongest material ever known
...

4
...


Carbon form a vast number of organic compounds with hydrogen and nitrogen
...
Silicon (Atomic Number-14) Second most abundant element in earth crust
...

1
...

3
...


Semiconductor Industry
Doped with boron arsenic is used to produce transistors, solar cell
...

Silica as sand is principal ingredient of glass
...

2
...

Infrared detectors
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

Shielding form radiations
...
Environment concern with lead poisoning
...

Making bullets
...
Germanium (Atomic Number-32)
3
...
Lead (Atomic Number-82)

Harmful effect

Long term exposure result in
1
...

2
...


28
...
It is harmful resulting in kidney, brain damage and skin
lesions
...

b
...

d
...

Their oxides are used in the glass industry for polishing glass and making colored glass for
goggles and television screens
...

Due to their paramagnetic and ferromagnetic nature, they are used in magnetic and electronic
devices
...
These elements are called rare earth because of the scarcity of these minerals
...


Atomic
Symbol
no
...


39

Y

Yttrium

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) laser, microwave filters, energy-efficient
light bulbs
...


58

Ce

Cerium

Refining crude oil
...


60

Nd

Neodymium

Powerful magnets used in green technology (hybrid car, wind turbine),
lasers made of it are used in medical surgeries
...


Name

Selected applications

62

Sm

Samarium

63

Eu

Europium

64

Gd

Gadolinium

65

Tb

Terbium

66

Dy

Dysprosium

Rare-earth magnets, lasers

67

Ho

Holmium

Lasers

68

Er

Erbium

69

Tm

Thulium

Portable X-ray machines

70

Yb

Ytterbium

Infrared lasers
...


Lu
Lutetium
Thus rare earth element are used in wide variety of fields such as making magnets for electrical equipments,
lasers for optical fibre communications, screens of television, computer, mobile phones
...


Rare Earth Element Geological Distribution

Because of their scarce availability and diversified uses rare earth are called as “the next oil”
...
China mines 95 % of the world rare earth supply mostly in Inner Mongolia
...
Other significant producers are USA, India, Jamaica, Australia (mount Weld), central Africa, Afghanistan,
Kazakhstan and Angola
...
In India atomic mineral directorate for exploration and research in Hyderabad is the survey agency which
has found huge deposit of rare earth in Puri and Ganjam districts in Odisha
...

The heavy minerals are used in
1
...
TV Tubes
3
...

Ilmenite: It is a source mineral for titanium
...

Rutile: welding
...

Monazite: source for thorium, rare earth elements
...

Garnet: Abrasives
Sillimanite: glass making
...

2
...


The most useful actinides are thorium, uranium and plutonium
...
Their salts are used in making
incandescent gas mantles
...
Their salts are used in the glass industry for imparting green color, ceramic
industry, textile industry and in medicines too
...


10

03
...
Maharishi Kanad postulated that if we go on dividing the matter we get smallest
particle called Parmanu/Atom
...
They can be observed with special instrument such as scanning tunnelling microscope
...
Matter is electrical in nature
...
Atoms are made up of three fundamental particles –Electrons, Protons and Neutrons
...
Protons and neutrons are present in a very small nucleus at the centre of the atom
...

4
...
Its mass is 1836 times that of electrons
...
Electrons which have negligible mass are present
around the nucleus
...
Atom contains equal number of protons and electrons
and is electrically neutral
...
Electrons are negatively charged
...
The electron in an atom revolves around the
nucleus in definite energy levels or shell
...
Neutron is a sub atomic particle which has no electric
charge and mass slightly larger than proton
...

Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in an atom
...
These energy
level are described by number 1,2,3,4……… or by letters K,L,M,N etc
...
Smaller values of the principal
quantum number indicate that the electrons are in a low energy level
...
This
corresponds to K-shell
...

• The first or the inner most shell (n=1) can take only two elements
...

• The next shell (n=3) can take maximum 18 electrons, but if it is the outermost, then it
can take 8 electrons only
...
For example the number of
proton/electron in hydrogen is 1
...
Similarly the
number of protons of helium is 2 so atomic number of helium is 2
...
For
example in hydrogen there is 1 proton/electron but no neutron so the atomic mass of
hydrogen is 1
...


Number of protons + Number of electron = Atomic mass

Hydrogen with atomic mass 1 is the lightest element
...
Also they ate mainly responsible for emission spectra of an element
...
Hydrogen

In hydrogen there is just one electron and the chemical activity is dependent on this
electrons
...
Oxygen

Oxygen has 2 electrons in first shell and 6 electrons is second shell
...
In forming compound oxygen atom can receive
two electrons to completely fill it second shell
...

3
...


Isotopes

Some elements have more than one atomic mass but have same electrical charge on their nucleus and same chemical
properties
...

Example of isotopes are-

1
...
The atomic number in all isotopes remains same (6), however the number of neutrons in the isotopes are 6,7 and
8 respectively
...
Carbon 11 is used in positron emission tomography scanning or PET scan
...
Carbon 14 is used in dating fossil
...
However when the dead
organism decay, the carbon 14 radioactive isotopes start disintegrating this phenomena can be used in dating fossils
...
Isotopes of hydrogen

Protium, Deuterium and tritium are the three isotopes of hydrogen
...
Deuterium is also known as heavy water and is used in coolant in nuclear reactors
...
While Protium is the fuel for nuclear fusion in sun cycle
...
Tritiuma
...

b
...
Which are used in night vision goggles and watches
...


3
...
On the other hand uranium 239 is radioactive
and is used as a fuel in first stage nuclear programme
...


4
...
Cobalt 60 is radioactive it convert into cobalt 59 (normal isotope) by emitting gamma rays
...

Uses of cobalt 60 –
1
...


5
...


6
...


7
...


8
...

Iodine 131 is used in treatment of hyperthyroidism (Graves’s diseases)
...
Elementary particles
of matter interact with one another through four different types of forces: gravitation, electromagnetism, the forces of
strong interactions and the forces of weak interactions
...
FERMIONS
2
...
They include QUARKS and LEPTONES
...
Quarks combine in group
of three(baryons) or group of two with antiquark (mesons)
...

3 up type quarks are
a) up
b) top
c) strange
3 down type quarks are
a ) down
b) bottom,
c) charm
...
Composite particles made
of quarks are called
Although individual quarks have fractional electrical charges, they combine such that hadrons have a net integer electric
charge
...


A meson is a fundamental particle which is 275 times heavier than
electron
...

Mesons contain one quark (q) and one antiquark ( )
...
Protons and neutrons
are baryons
...


One example of a meson is a pion ( +), which is made of an up quark
and a down anti quark
...
There are total six leptons
...

Neutrino
A Neutrino is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle[
...
Neutrinos have mass but it is so less that it is unmeasureable
...
Neutrinos are affected only by the weak sub-atomic force, of much shorter range than
electromagnetism, and gravity, therefore a typical neutrino passes through normal matter unimpeded
...
There are three types of neutrinos: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau
neutrinos
Most neutrinos passing through the Earth emanate from the Sun
...

NEUTRINO DETECTIONt
Neutrinos cannot be detected directly, because they do not ionize the materials they are passing through It requires a very large
detector in order to detect a significant number of neutrinos
...

Various neutrino detector observatories
1Super Kamiokande detector of Japan uses a large volume of water surrounded by photomultiplier tubes that watch for
the Cherenkov radiation emitted when an incoming neutrino creates an electron or muon in the water
...


13

3 India-based Neutrino Observatory is a proposed particle physics research project to primarily study atmospheric neutrinos in
a 1,300 meters (4,300 ft) deep cave under near Bodhi hills Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
...


BOSONS

Bosons are one of the two classes of fundamental particles
...


Photon

Photon is a discrete bundle (or quantum) of electromagnetic (or light)
...


Basic Properties of Photons

1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...
Photoelectric effect
7
...
It challenged the classical wave theory of light
...
As shown in the diagram above when a light source is incident upon a metallic
surface, the surface can emit electrons
...
It thus explains that photon act
as particles and hit the metal surface of electrons
...
Photons are electrically neutral and are one of the rare particles that are identical to
their antiparticle, the antiphoton
...
He suggested that the energy in each quantum of light
was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant (Planck's constant) and that a photon with a frequency over a certain
threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron, producing the photoelectric effect
...


Gluons

Gluons are force-mediating particles that exist in every atomic nucleus, holding it together
...
6 x 1039 times
stronger than gravity, the weakest force
...

The strong force holds together all known matter in the universe except for dark matter
...

Like a photon (light), a gluon has no mass
...
Unlike photons however, gluons have their
own charge — which means they interact with themselves
...
After BIG BANG, it is believed that mass less particles were formed that had no mass, but
became heavy because of the Higgs field
...


HIGGS FIELD

HIGGS FIELD is the theoretical invisible energy that stretches throughout universe
...


Standard Model of physics

Standard Model of physics envisages that the universe is made from 12 basic building blocks called fundamental particles
these are 6 quarks and 6 leptons
...

Standard model also acknowledges four fundamental forces
...


14

Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most
powerful particle accelerator
...
The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting
magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of
the particles along the way
...
The beams travel in
opposite directions in vacuum
...
This requires chilling
the magnets to ‑271
...

The beams inside the LHC are made to collide at four locations,
corresponding to the positions of four particle detectors – ATLAS,
CMS, ALICE and LHCb
...
It is headed by Fabiola Gianotti
...

CMS Compact Muon Solenoid is one of particle accelerator made up of
superconductors
...
Its other work include study of dark matter
...
Such studies can help to explore the matter antimatter asymmetry in
the universe
...
The heavy
resulting temperature and energy generates quark- gluon plasma( It is a soup of free quarks and gluons which are several of
the basic building block of matter)
...
This is meant to explain ultra high
energy cosmic waves
...
For example, a positron is the antiparticle of the electron, with symbol e+ and an antiproton is
the antiparticle of proton symbol p
...
Furthermore,
mixing matter and antimatter can lead to the annihilation of both, thus giving rise to high-energy photons (gamma rays) and
release of energy proportional to the mass as the mass-energy equivalence equation, E=mc2 shows
...
High energy cosmic rays and centre of galaxies
are believed to form antiparticles and antimatter
...

The process by which this asymmetry between particles and antiparticles developed is called baryogenesis
...
MedicalPositron emission tomography / PET scan
...
A
radiotracer is a radioactive chemical that releases tiny particles called positrons
...
It can be injected into one of your blood
vessels, it can be inhaled as a gas or it can be swallowed in the form of a tablet or capsule
...
The advantage of using FDG is that your body will treat it in a similar way to normal
glucose
...
For example, cancerous tissue processes glucose in a different way from normal body tissue, so using FDG is
an effective way of detecting cancers
...
The positrons quickly break down, releasing
energy waves known as gamma waves
...

The image
The image produced during a PET scan highlights how certain parts of your body break down the radiotracer
...
Fuel

Antimatter when collide with matter produces enormous energy
...


Dark Matter

The motion of stars are the result of the gravitational force from all other matter in the galaxy
...
In other words, all the matter we can see is not enough to produce the gravity
that is pulling things around
...

The name scientists have given to the missing material is "dark matter
...

Dark matter is the matter which is not seen by our eyes and through telescope as it neither emits nor reflects nor transmits the
lights
...

The dark matter is believed to be made up of 1
...
It includes
1
...

2
...

Massive standard model neutrinos
...
Weakly interactive massive particles (WIMPS)

WIMPS are the hypothetical particles to form dark matter
...

Because they don’t interact through electromagnetism they cannot be seen directly
...


2
...

How stars born and die?

A star is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by gravity
...

For a major part of life, a star acts like a nuclear bomb and shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its
core, releasing energy that radiates into outer space
...
The total mass of a star is the principal determinant in its evolution and eventual fate
...
4 times the mass of the Sun] expands to become a red giant
...
4 solar masses
exhaust their supply of hydrogen at their core, their outer layers expand greatly and cool to form a red giant
...


•

Very high mass stars with more than nine solar masses expand to form red supergiants
...


The collapse of star
As a star's core shrinks, the intensity of radiation from that surface increases, creating such radiation pressure on the outer shell of
gas that it will push those layers away, forming a planetary nebula
...
4 solar masses, it shrinks to a relatively tiny object about
the size of Earth, known as a white dwarf
...
The electron-degenerate
matter inside a white dwarf is no longer a plasma, even though stars are generally referred to as being spheres of plasma
...

In larger stars, fusion continues until the iron core becomes so dense that it can no longer support its own mass
...
The shockwave formed by this sudden collapse causes the rest of the star to
explode in a supernova
...


16

Most of the matter in the star is blown away by the supernova explosion and what remains will be a neutron star In case of the
largest stars , a black hole is formed
For Universe please refer last Parakram
...
ELECTRICITY HEATING CHEMICLE EFFECT
Electricity has an important place in modern society
...


Electric Charge

Electric charge is an example of static electricity
...
If some of them are
removed the substances become positively charged while the body which gains electrons become negatively charged
...

An Atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons
...


Conductors:-

1
...

b
...

d
...

f
...


Conductors are substances in which electricity can flow freely
...

Metals show metallic lustre
...

Metals are hard
...

Metals are malleable which means metals can be beaten into thin sheets
...

Metals are good conductor of heat
...

Metals are hard and can be cut with a knife
...
Therefore Tungsten is used in filaments of bulb and tube lights
...
Alloys (Alloys are mixtures formed when a metal combines with another metal or non metal)
...
Constantan is made up of copper and nickel
...
Magnanin is made up of Iron, Manganese, Copper and Nickel
...
Nichrome is made up of Nickel, Chromium, Iron and Manganese
...
Hence they are used in making appliances like toasters and base of
electric iron
...
Non Metals or Insulator:-

Non metals or insulator are generally poor conductors of electricity
...

The first cell to generate electricity was invented by A
...
He used the chemical
energy of copper sulphate and conductors to generate electricity
...


Functioning of voltaic cell:-

At the cathode end, a copper conductor is placed in a beaker with copper sulphate as the
solution
...
This end where excess electrons are
formed
...

The end at which electrons are generated is called positive end or cathode
...


Potential Difference (PD)

PD is the difference of electric pressure between electron excess and electron deficient
ends
...
Thus PD can be considered equal to potential energy and current
equal to kinetic energy
...


CURRENT
Flow of electrons is current
...


OHM, S LAW states-

Current passing through a metallic wire is directly proportional to the potential difference across the wire which means - I
is directly proportional to V or

18

IR = V where R is a constant and is the resistance of the wire or an electrical equipment
...
Like friction it is the resisting force and is present in all
substances
...
It is the property of a conductor
to resist the flow of charges
Its SI unit is ohm, represented by the Greek letter Ω
...
What current will the heater draw if the potential difference is increased to 120 V?
Solution
We are given, potential difference V = 60 V, current I = 4 A
...


PT Facts for resistance1)Larger the wire larger the resistance
...
g
...


Similarly if a wire is cut in 4 parts the resistance decreases to one by four
...


RESISTANCE OF A SYSTEM OF RESISTORS

Till now we have learnt about some simple electric circuits
...
We now see how Ohm’s law can be applied to combinations of resistors
...

Resistors in series
Resistors in parallel

Resistors in series:1
...

3
...

Current in series- Current remains same in every part of the resistors that is
same I is recorded in R1 R2 and R3
...
Total voltage across the combination is equal to sum
of voltage drop across separate resistors
...

2
...
This is done to
maintain same voltage in them as in parallel circuitThe voltage remains same across all resistances
...
e, V is same in R1,R2 and R3
The current is divided in various resisters and is inversely proportional to the
resistance I =I1+I2+I3 and

Figure 3 Resisters in Parallel

I1= V/R1, I2=V/I2 and I3=V/I3

Electric Power

The rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit
...

The power P is given by
P = VI
The SI unit of electric power is watt (W)
...
Thus,
1 W = 1 volt
1 ampere = 1 V A
The unit ‘watt’ is very small
...
It is equal to 1000 watts
...
One watt hour is the energy consumed when 1 watt of power is
used for 1 hour
...

1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second
= 3
...
6 × 106 joule (J)

Practical Applications of Heating Effect of Electric Current

1
...
The electric laundry iron, electric toaster, electric oven, electric kettle and electric heater are the devices which
are based upon Joules heating effect
...
The electric heating is also used to produce light, as in an electric bulb
...
It must not melt at such high temperature
...
The
filament should be thermally isolated as much as possible, using insulating support, etc
...

3rd common application of Joule’s heating is the fuse used in electric circuits
...
The fuse is placed in series with
the device
...
If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, the temperature of the fuse wire increases
...


Domestic Circuit:- consist of 3 important wires- Live wire, Neutral wire and earth wire
...

The Live wire is connected directly to the electricity supply
...


The Neutral wire receives the electric current from the live wire by completing the circuit
...

The Earth wire usually carries no electricity, it is a safety device
...
Thus it discharges all faulty current
underground
...
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
In the previous Chapter on ‘Electricity’ we learnt about the heating effects of electric current
...
An electric current-carrying wire behaves like a magnet
...
C Oersted, one of the leading scientists of the 19 th century, played a crucial role in understanding electromagnetism
...
This happens only when the magnetic compass is
placed in a magnetic field
...
e changing magnetic field
produces an electric current
...
Magnetic field is a quantity that has both
direction and magnitude
...
Then your fingers will wrap around the conductor in
the direction of the field lines of the magnetic field, as shown in Fig
...
This is
known as the right-hand thumb rule*
...
Electric Motors (EM) EM are the devices which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy the magnetic effect created around the electric wire causes the
deflection around the conductor wire which then moves and run the appliances
...


2
...

How it works?

3
...

5
...
The turbine
contain strong magnet
...

The electricity produced in the form of alternating (AC) current
...
In India Most power station produce AC
...

Advantage of AC current is that current can be transmitted over long distances without much loses
...

MRI machine and magnetic trains also uses phenomenon of electromagnetism
Propulsion system in rocket
Superconducting accelerators produced by very strong electromagnet are used in large hadron colliders experiment to
find higgs boson or the god’s particle
...

2
...


It was observed by a dutch physicist H
...
Onnes that the electrical conductivity of metals increases with lowering of
temperature
...

The temperature at which a metal obtains super conductivity is called as critical temperature
...
A systematic flow of electronsin one direction is responsible for flow of
electricity
...
However at low temperature the electrons excitation decreases and electrons flow in a single direction at super
conducting speed
...


21

4
...

b
...
An increase in temperature
will increase the energy of the ions and they will move faster
...

Practical uses of super conductors
SQUIDS (Super Conducting Quantum Interference Device) are the super conducting magnet which are used to detect very
small changes in magnetic field
...
Magnetic Sensors in super market 2
...

Super conducting magnetic trains or maglev’s trains
...
Instead of using fossil fuels, the
magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guideway walls and the track combine to propel the train
...
Strong intermolecular force 2
...
Gravitational force
...
ELECTRONIC
Electronic are the devices which use electric current to carry information
...

The signal can be- 1
...
Sound 3
...
Numbers 5
...

2
...


Signals are two type
Ana log – These signals can have any value
...

Digital- These signals carry information like electric switches 1, 0
...

The signals are generated controlled and amplified with the help of electronic devices made of semi conductors
...
Semi Conductors -

5
...


a
...


Semi conductors are naturally occurring elements like silicon, germanium, antimony, bismuth etc
...

Doping with phosphorus increases the numbers of negatives electrons and semi conductors becomes n type
...
This semi conductor is known
as p type
...
It has

three pins to connect to the externals circuit
...
eg
...
As a switch transistor are used in making logic gates and integrated circuit IC
...


Diode- Diode is a two terminals electronic device made up of p and n type of semi conductors
(explained below) joined at p-n junction
...

Uses of Diode1
...
Rectifier made up of diode is used to convert AC current to DC current
3
...

4
...
LED
are used in diverse applications like advertisement lights, automobile lights, Aviation
lights, Traffic signals, Sensors, touch screens, LED Lamps, Video Displays like LED
television
...
Hence LED light is
better than CFL lights
...
Photo Electric Devices are the semi conductor diode which emit electrons and conduct
electricity when photon (Particles of light) fall on them
...


Uses of photoelectric devices-

1
...

2
...

c
...
They are used in making compact laptops, cameras and
super computers
...
Microwaves are released when electric current is passed which passes through the food
...
Water which is also charged molecule changes polarity in microwave field
...

It means only food containing water and water itself gets heated in a microwave while paper wood etc does not heat b ecause
they do not contain water
...
It contain photo conductor cylindrical drum
...
The drum is heated to 230 to 320 degree Celsius
...

Depending on the intensity of light receive
...
This results in a charged image

23

1
...

3
...


5
...


on this cylinder
...
Based on charged map toner gets de posited and
form a toner image on the drum which then translated onto the paper
...
The pressurised gas is made to run through coiled tubes
...
This lowers the
temperature of the refrigerator which cools the items in the fridge
...

Six Green house gases are
Refrigerator
1
...
Carbon dioxide
Propellants for aerosols
3
...
Nitrous oxide
As solvents for dry cleaning and degreasing purposes
...
Water vapour
Side effect of CFCsCFCs damages Ozone layer in stratosphere
...
CFCs
and destroys it in the chain reaction
...
Venus
Radical- radical are atom molecule or ion that has unpaired electron in outer shell which
2
...
They are symbolised by a dot
...
Is the
3
...

satellite )

Why the damage of ozone is more at poles?

Because at low temperature in the presence of sun light the reaction proceeds faster
...

2
...
It is ratified by 196
states
...
Example- Hydrofluorocarbons are set to be
phase out by 2013
...


How Air Conditioner Works?

AC and refrigerator work the same way
...
The machine has 3 main part- compressor, expansion valve and
condenser
...
The compressed gas contain molecule
closer to each other resulting in higher temperature
...
As it evaporates it extracts heat from the air around it and throws it out
side
...


LIGHTCompact Florescent Lamp (CFL) florescent lamp is a gas discharge tube that uses electricity to excite mercury
vapour in the tube
...
) to produce visible light
...


Advantage

1
...

2
...

1
...


Disadvantage

If a florescent lamp is broken mercury pollutions occurs
...


Use of Choke in Tube Light-

Tube light discharges current in the tube
...

The choke works like a switch that takes half of the voltage
...
) and the tube
circuit does not become a close circuit
...

The starter provides a path to complete the circuit and once tube light start the current flows through ionised the gas in the
tube
...

2
...

1
...

Washing Machine- Washing machine works by converting electrical energy into centrifugal force which is used for both
washing and drying
...
This
squeezes the majority of water from the cloths
...
It uses 2400 watt compared to a spin dryer that uses 400
watt of power
...
Television
works by sending and receiving electronic signal
...

TV Transmitter sends signal electromagnetic or longer radio wave signals to the communication satellite
...

TV receiver – it capture the signal and convert into light and sound
...

Different types of television of cathode ray tube television are Cathode Ray Television (CRT)- Cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube
containing electron gun (a source of electrons)
...
CRT was used in
older television the newer form of television are LCD, Plasma Display and
OLED
...
Like liquid they flow while like solid they polarise light
...
Example- Electromagnetic wave such as light
...

LCD consist of a layer of liquid crystal between two transparent electrode When electric signals fall on the LCD screen they
polarise the liquid crystal
...
LCD is inferior to CRT
images in image sharpness and viewing angle is poor
...
LED consists of small
semiconductor which glows during exposure to electric current
...
LED TV
is more advanced version of LCD TV
...
It also consumes 20 to 30 % less energy
compared to LCD
...

Advantages- The plasma TV display have a brighter images than LCD screen
...


HD TV-

High definition TV produces high definition pictures
...
The standard definition delivers the resolution of 720 pixel across 480 scanning lines
...

It is read like 1280X720 Pixel
...
It is also called 4K UHDTV system
...
It is also called 8K UHDTV system
...
Human do not have 3D vision
...
The combination of two lenses gives us an illusion of 3D vision
...


25

Depth perception occurs at six month of age
...
When
light bends from same distant object by one eye, it gives the feeling of a 3D view or spectroscopic vie w
...
There are several techniques to produce 3D
picture
...
Displaying Technology-

a
...


1
...


Polarization Filters- In this method viewer wears low cost eye glasses which contains
pair of polarising filters oriented differently (for example at an angle of 90 degree to
each other
...
This gives the
perception of depth
...
It
works by openly presenting the image to the left eyes while blocking the right eye’s
view, then presenting the right eye image while blocking the left eye and repeating it
rapidly that it do not interfere with the fusion of two images into a 3D image
...

The vertical components of all waves are
transmitted, while the horizontal components
are absorbed and reflected
...

4D- 4D is an example of entertainment technology which combines 3D films with physical effect that occurs in theatre like
simulation of rain, wind, vibration, movement of animals, smoke, smell etc
...
Other films released in 4D are Shrek 4D and Ice Age Dawn of the Dina sour
...

2
...
Piezo electronics finds various beneficial practical applications like
Cigarette Lighter uses a piezoelectric crystal
...

Energy harvesting
...
Upon walking the pressure energy gets converted into electrical energy
...

Actuator in Robot- Actuator is a type of motor to control motion
...

Piezoelectric actuator produces motion when high electric fields are applied
...
They are mostly use in microwave oven and defence electronic
...

Masers – Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation are used for amplifying microwaves in signals from
satellite, space craft and radio
...
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Computers – Computers are the electronic devices which receive a set of instructions and carry out tasks like calculations,
problems solving, internet, internet telephony etc
...
It is made up of
1
...
Keyboard and mouse-they uses infrared or radio waves to send the information
...
Electronic pen- the electrons are used to send the information’s
...
Scanner- Scanner contain optical character recognition software which translate the image into a digital text
...

D
...
These devices store data on a magnetically sensitive medium or discs made up of metal
...


Hard discs stores digital data on rotating plates of magnetic material
...

b
...
Data is written by burning microscopic holes on the
discs surface by powerful laser
...
The holes
scatter the light while land portions of the discs reflect the laser light to the photo detectors
...
It can
store data upto
...

c
...
e
4
...

d
...
The format can hold data upuo 25 Gigabytes
...

Bits, are used to data transfer speeds
...




For example, if we are downloading a file on cable modem, the download speed is 240Kbps
...
For example, a CD holding 700MB (megabytes) of data



means it’s store 700 megabytes of information
...
e 1Byte of data per sec=8bits of data per sec Therefore, a 240Kbps download is only
transferring 30KB of data per second
...
512x2=1024)
fibreoptic cable containing signal either analog (analog computer) or digital (digital computer)
1
...

a
...

b
...
Speaker
2
...
It features three
types of information storage
...

 Read only memory (ROM) contains information’s which is permanently fixed in the chips by chip
maker
...


27



Data storage memory- the data storage memory is the memory fixed in the discs, pen drive which
act additional of the computer
...
Central Processing Unit (CPU)-It carries out the instruction of the computers programme by performing basic

arithmetic, logical, input-output operations of the system
...
Containing large integrated circuit with millions of nano sized
transistor on a single chip
...
Two classical component of CPU 1
...
2
...
It also indicates the order and time in which individual operations use the CPU
...
The programme is developed in a
special computer language called computer language
...
There are two main categories of software1
...

They perform general tasks
...
Important computer language and their uses
are giving below
...
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
b
...
Linux (Personal computer)
d
...
C, C++, Java (micro soft computers)
g
...
Application software-

They addresses useful task beyond the running the computer itself like word processing, internet browsing
...
The user can insert, change, move or delete letters, words entire sections of a document
...

Open source Software or cloud computing – Is computer software that has source code made available by developer to the
user
...
Here user are treated as co developer and shearing of software occur to economy of scale and to improve business climate
...
However data can be shared between

two and more computers using data cables (made up of fibre optic or copper wire) this inter connectivity can be achieved
through computer networking
...
The information reaches the
receiving computer where its CPU decode the information
...
Example Ethernet,
which gave to wide area network and finally internet
...
Internet origin can
be traced to 1983 when US department of defence started ARPANET (Advance researched project agency network)
Internet allows transfer of mails
...
The data is transmitted of data package
...
Examples- WiFi and Wi-max
...


The data movement on the Internet

Even though the Internet is still a young technology, but today it has become indispensible part of our life
...

To understand the Internet, we have to look at it as a system with two main components
...
That includes cables which carry terabits of information every second to your computer
...
The computer, smartphone or other device are called as end points clients
...
Other elements are nodes which serve as a connecting point along a route of traffic
...


28

All this hardware requires a second important component of the Internet: the protocols
...
Without a common set of protocols, a seamless communication between devices couldn't
happen
...


Internet Protocol - IP?

IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of data packets and the addressing scheme for computers to
communicate over a network
...
It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but
there's no direct link between you and the recipient
...

IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol
...
IPv4 uses a 32bit address scheme allowing for a total of 232 addresses (because of the binary data transmission) which means 4 billion
addresses
...


Different Between IPv4 and IPv6Addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in
length
...


It can support 3x1039 or limitless Addresses
...
A Routers either deliver the package to a computer
in LAN or to other router which finally delivers data to the computer
...

Cell Phones access the internet through wireless cellular telephone network, however the access is slower than the broadband
access
...

Internet governance is a sensitive issue because the Internet works around and beyond political boundaries
...
However government is
not always wrong and it needs content regulation for security, safety, maintaining law and order and prevent misuse of internet crime
like piracy, child abuse etc
...
Its major outcome was the formation of Internet Governance Forum
(IGF) in 2006 made up of 50 members, is a multi stake holder origination (with representatives from government, Private
sector civil society and NGOs)
...
Openness (free expression)
2
...
Diversity (Cultural and linguistic)
4
...
In this direction laptop were given freely under open source software agreement
The seventh IGF meeting was held in Baku, Azerbaijan from 6 to 9 November 2012
...
Key Points of Baku declaration
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...


Internet Administration

1
...
It had set international telecommunication regulation (ITR) 1988 as a
binding global treaty to facilitate international connectivity of ICT services
...


29

2
...


30

08
...


Difference between Computer and super computer
Computer

Super Computer

Their processing capacity is very low compare to
super computer

They have very high processing capacity
...


They are made up of thousand of micro
processors
...

A typical computer can use 15 to 200 kw energy
...

A super computer uses 4 megawatt electricity
...

The operating system of super computers is
custom tailored and is adaptation of generic
software such as Linux
...

First super computer was CDC 1604 developed by
Seymour Cray in 1964
...
Deep Blue- It defeated chess Player Garry
Kasprove
2
...
It was use by Veselin
Topalove world chess player for prepration
...
Cray1 is used for weather forecasting in arrow
dynamic research
...
Tiahne-1A (speed 2
...

5
...

6
...


These computer perform a particular task which is
complex in nature
...

Unit of measurement of performance
In simple computer it is bits per second
...

Simple computer performs function like
Algorithm, Logical Reasoning, calculation and
internet connectivity
...

2
...


India supercomputing research gain prominence in late 1980 when Cray super computer was denied to India in the wake of
India’s voluntary nuclear weapon testing and the denial of dual use technology by NSG
...
5 PFLOPS
...

SAGA 220 developed by ISRO has a peak speed 220 Terra FLOPS is used to study complex aeronautical
...


31

4
...
It finds application in crystal structure analysis and
gamma rays simulation
...
VIRGO- 97 TeraFLOPS was developed by Indian institute of technology (IIT) Madras
6
...
It is used in
a) Aircraft and Automobile Designing
b) Weather Forecasting
c) Molecular Biology

Robots And Artificial Intelligence-

1
...

3
...

5
...

7
...
So far
no machine can been considered as intelligent as human
...

Intelligence includes components like reasoning, adapting to new situations, analysing, problems solving and learning new
skills
...

The research in artificial intelligence emphasises upon increasing the problem solving knowledge of computers
...
We call such computers as experts system
...
For this a computer must know thousands of symptoms to
understand hundred of diseases
...

Other uses of AI are
Games
Making military robots
...

Making Robot to reduce air and water pollution
...
Land rover sent over mars by messenger space craft is a n example of artificially intelligent
robot
...


Robots-

Robots are machine which involves disciplines like mechanical engineering and computers
...

2
...

4
...

1
...

3
...

5
...

b
...

2
...

6
...

2
...
Human body made up of five main
components
...

Robot has a movable body structure
...

Robotic muscles are made up of special material called Piezo ceramics and special plastic
...
The vast majority of actuators produce
either rotational or linear motion
...
Example DC motors, AC motors (rarely use),
Stepper motor
...
Example of linear motors are
DC Linear Actuator – In this actuator is connected to a led screw
...

Solenoid- Solenoid is a coil of wire wound around a moving core
...

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuator use air and liquid respectively to produce linear motion
...
It helps robot sense
physical environment like a human being and makes than intelligent by responding according to the situation
...
Made up of cadmium sulphide the sensor is made to respond to a voltage
change of 0 to 5 volts when light fall on them
...


32

3
...

5
...

1
...
They are either made up of
infrared emitter / detector or sonar (Sound navigation and detection ranging)
...
It helps t he
robot to avoid the obstacle and perform difficult task
...

Vision Sensor- It uses digital video camera with high speed processing to protect real world
...


Uses of Robots-

In mining and manufacturing industries to perform difficult and hazardous tasks
...
It also performs multiple tasks in plastic garment and other
industry
...
Nuclear Applications- Robotics is one of the thrust areas of R&D programme at BARC and IGCAR
...
e, up/down, forward/backward, left/right and rotation) are used for handling radioactive chemical at
BARC
...

3
...

b) CHATUROBOT
c) NIPUNA
4
...
The first robot to walk on two legs was
ASIMO
...
Human Machine interface
One of the important discoveries of 2012, human machine interface is an attempt to increase innovative capabilities of robot by
combing robot dynamics or movement with brain signals
...
One such machine has been made which is a wearable
robot- The EKSO
...
SPACE

Space Technology- Space in second half 20th century has transformed from mere a physical bridge between earth and
universe to a platform useful for mankind
...


Launching vehicle and technology

Launching vehicle is the vehicle to send satellite and other space craft into space
...
To escape the gravitational pull of the earth, a rocket must
obtain an escape velocity
...
Every stage uses strong fuels which burn
to generate heat which lift against rockets
...
Sometimes for example in PSLV special
booster are required to give extra thrust
...
In second stage the
vehicle attains much higher speed
...
(For a mission designed to orbit the earth) or for deep space
mission
...


Propulsion Method for launch vehicle

Rocket uses chemical fuel in solid, liquid or cryogenic form and an oxidizer that contains the oxygen needed to burn the fuel
...
Today rocket use both solid and liquid fuel are used in combination
...
along with additives that bind the fuel together
...
These
composite fuels burn faster, thus more thrust is produce in short period of time
...

Booster rocket that produces larger thrust uses extra chemicals to increase the burning rate
...








Advantages

Liquid fuel provides greater impulse (mass into velocity) because liquid fuels are denser and burn for a longer period of time
...

The raw material like hydrogen and oxygen are abundantly available, hence easy to manufacture
...
Hence required complex containers
...

Cryogenic Fuel- Cryogenic rocket uses cryogenic fuel
...
These fuel are used in rocket
bound to space because ordinary fuel cannot be used there due to absence of oxygen that support combustion
...

Hydrogen is a gas in normal state
...
At such low temperature the molecules of hydrogen become closely packed and
concentrated into a useable form
...

The cryogenic fuel uses liquid oxygen as oxidizer
...
In
India cryogenic technology is in development stage in Mahendergiri in Tamilnadu and Liquid propulsion centre
Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala
...


India’s Launch Vehicle

Launch Vehicle is used to transport satellite into space
...


ASLV

ASLV was derived by adding two booster to SLV-3 and was successful in 1992
...
It is capable to launch 1600 kg satellite in sun synchronous orbit and 50 kg
satellite in GEO orbit
...

It is a four stage launch vehicle which uses solid and liquid fuel alternately
...


34

PSLV XL was used in Chandrayan -1 mission
...


GSLV

GSLV is made to launch INSAT-II class of satellite (2000-2500kg) in to Geo synchronous orbit
...
The third stage is cryogenic stage
...

1
...

3
...

GSLV Mk-II uses indigenous cryogenic engine
...

GSLV Mk-III is envisaged to launch 4 tonns satellite in GTO
...

It will have a lift of 629 tonns
...
SRE -1 was
designed to recover orbiting space capsule and performing experiment in microgravity, navigation, management of
communication blackout etc
...
These include parachute,
telemetry and tracking system and sensor
...
On January 2007 the capsule was reoriented for re-entry in the dense
atmosphere at the height of hundred kilometres with the speed of 8km/s
...
The orbit shape can be a circle or ellipse
...
For example a satellite in geostationary orbit rotates
round the earth at a constant speed
...
The speed is greatest at perigee (minimum altitude) and least a t
apogee (maximum altitude)
...

Low earth orbit- low earth orbit is at a height of 500 and 1500 kilometre
...
The orbit is nearest
among all orbits and because of greater gravity the satellite in low earth orbit requires higher speed to avoid gravitational pull
...
Satellites for environment monitoring and remote sensing are
launched in LEO
...
It makes 17 orbits per day
...
MEO is an elliptical orbit
...

Geo stationary orbit is a circular orbit approximately at 36000 km above earth equator
...
The Geo stationary satellite completes one rotation in 24 hours over equator
...
The satellites for communication are launched in GEO
...

Polar earth orbit PEO
...
Satellites for earth mapping, earth observation, weather monitoring are launched in PEO, because they observe the
earth from pole to pole in 24 hours
...
Since earth is a bulging geoid with low gravity at equator and high at poles, this asymmetry acts to slowly
rotate the plane of orbit about the axis of earth
...
The one full rotation is covered in one year around the earth
...

GEO transfer orbit (GTO)- GTO acts as an intermediate orbit to launch communication satellite from LEO to GEO
...
The launch vehicle can move from
LEO to GTO by firing a rocket at a tangent to LEO to increase velocity
...
It is made up of cluster of radio transmitter
called transponder, antenna and sensor or receiver
...

The signals are sent by earth station in the form of micro waves or radio waves in high frequency (Gigahertz range) to
satellite
...

C-band satellite operate the signals in 4 to 8 Ghz frequency range
...
When frequency increases wave length decreases
...
As C-band operate in low frequency larger satellite antenna is require to gather low signals
...
The relatively high frequency corresponds to smaller antennas to
receive the signals
...

Ka-band transmission occupies 20 to 30 Ghz frequency range
...
Because of higher competition must of the direct to home (DTH) systems use Ku-band
transmission
...

After travelling to ground based antenna or dish the signals again weakens
...


35

a
...

c
...

e
...

g
...


Navigation system- satellite based navigation; timing and positioning service has become increasingly important for in
present day world
...
It is useful for both military and civilian purposes
...
e
Mobile navigation
Air traffic management, rail navigation (Indian railway GPS name is kavatch)
...

GPS- global positioning system created by US department of defence is made up of 24 satellite and operational since 1994
...

Galileo is a navigation system of European Union
...

IRNSS- Indian regional navigation satellite system develop by Indian space research organisation (ISRO)
...
It contains the navigation payload which
generates navigation signals in L5 and S-band
...

The project involve 3 Indian navigation uplink stations, GAGAN payload on
GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 communication satellite and 3 mission control centres
...

Other uses of communication satellites

Tele-education- the network of IGNOU, UGC and NCERT have been setup under telecommunication satellite system
...
Today there are over 9000 edusat classroom
operational in the country
...
It is launch in GEO stationary orbit
...


b
...


c
...
The enetwork is made up of undersea cable and satellite connectivity through C-band transponder of
INTELSAT 904 and RASCOM (regional African satellite communication organisation provides TV broadcast and internet
access in rural areas in Africa
...
The project aims to enhance the skill of African doctors and nurses
...


d
...

2
...

4
...

6
...

8
...


Initiated in 10th plan VRC act as terminal hub of space based services such asTele- medicine
Tele-education
Agricultural advisories
Weather advisories
National resource and data management system
Adult and computer literacy
Livelihood related vocational training
...


Radio Networking through INSAT makes available reliable, quality 10/15 Khz channels for national and regional
networking
...

Remote Sensing –

1
...


Remote sensing is a technique used to gather information about natural resources and weather phenomenon on earth without
directly coming in contact with it
...
The instruments can be broadly divided into two main types
Passive RS instrument detects light reflected naturally from earth object
...
Every substance
releases different light frequencies which are light their fingerprint
...

Electromagnetic spectrum of an object is the range of electromagnetic radiation combination emitted by that
particular object
...


FrequencyWave length

Radio meter-

10000 hertz 1010 hz
10m to 50cm 1cm-1mm

1014 hz

...
4-
...
01nm

Radio meter measures the wavelength of longer electromagnetic wave for example microwave and radio wave produced by
various objects on earth
...
Some of the active instrument used are

1
...


2
...


INDIA’S SPACE ORGANISATION

India endeavour into space started with the setting up of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) stabilised in 1969
...
India’s space programme is executed by ISRO and 4 research facilities
...
RESEARCH FACILITIES OF ISRO1
...

3
...


sensing data
...
It also provide training to decision makers and scientist through it Indian institute of remote sensing of Dehradun
...
Astronomy
(studies star information) planetary science, earth science (studies include glacial and Ocean studies
...

National atmospheric research laboratory, Chittoor is a autonomous institute funded by department of space
...


B
...

2
...


Liquid propulsion system centre located three places
Valiyamala Thiruvananthapuram district Kerala
...


37

C
...


2
...
It is home to India’s largest solid propellant
booster plant
...
These facilities also
developing GSLV series
...
VSSE is involved
in the development of space recovery experiment module and development of modified version of PSLV, PSLVC11 which
was used for launching for Chandrayan 1
...
TRACKING FACILITIES OF ISRO
1
...


ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and command centre, (ISTRAC) Bangaluru provides tracking and command support to satellite
and launched mission
...

Master control facility Hassan karnatka is responsible for monitoring and controlling the satellite launched by ISRO
...

2
...
In consist 10
operational satellites INSAT series, KALPANA- 1, EDUSAT and GSAT-2, GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and GSAT-10
...


IRS SYSTEM

1
...

3
...

5
...

7
...


IRS system is world largest constellation of RS satellite
...
It uses payloads like ocean colour monitor and
microwave monitor
...

CARTOSAT-1 launched in 2005 by PSLV-C6
...
5 Cm than CARTOSAT-2 is the advance version of CARTOSAT-1
...

RISAT-2 is a radar imaging satellite launched in 2009 by PSLV-12
...

MEGHA TROPIQUES is launched in 2011 by PSLV-C18, jointly developed by Indian-France to study Indian Monsoon
...
RISAT-1 is a first indigenous all weather radar imaging satellite
...

SARAL launched in February 2013 by PSLV-C20 is a joint Indo-France satellite for oceanographic studies
...
DEFENCE
Indian Armed Forces

The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India
...
The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed
Forces
...


Indian Army

The Indian Army is the land based branch of the Indian Armed Forces
...

Its primary mission is to ensure the national security and defence of the Republic of India from external aggression and
threats, and maintaining peace and security within its borders
...


Major Exercises
1
...
The exercise was held in the Thar
desert, in which over 300,000 troops participated
...


2
...
Yuddh Abhyas

Exercise Yuddh Abhyas is part of an ongoing series of joint exercises between the Indian and United States Armies since
2005, agreed upon under the New Framework of India-US Defence Relationship
...
Exercises Shoorveer

Indian Army launched a massive summer exercise in the Rajasthan desert as part of its efforts to shore up its battle worthiness
on the western front with Pakistan
...


5
...
"Codenamed Exercise
Rudra Akrosh, the war games are aimed to validate the operational and transformational effectiveness of various formations
under the Western Army Command
...
The President of India serves as the Commander -in-Chief of
the Navy
...

The Indian Navy operates three Commands
...

The Andaman and Nicobar Command at Port Blair under is a joint Tri-services Command reporting to the Chief of
Integrated Service Command (CISC) in New Delhi
...


Commands

Western Naval Command
Eastern Naval Command
Southern Naval Command

HQ Location

Mumbai
Visakhapatnam
Kochi

In 2005, the Indian Navy commissioned the base, INS Kadamba at Karwar, 100 km from Goa
...
(The other bases share
port facilities with civilian shipping, but this one is for purely naval use
...

Asia's largest Naval academy INS Zamorin, is at Ezhimala (set up in 2009)
...
It will have comprehensive anti-aircraft, anti-submarine and
amphibious capability
...


39

The Indian Navy is setting up a naval station in Madagascar, to monitor and patrol the coast of Mozambique as well as the
southern Indian Ocean
...


1Indian Aircraft Carrier
 INS Viraat- The carrier is planned for decommissioning after the induction of the first domestically built Vikrant



class aircraft carrier
...

INS Vikramaditya or Admiral Gorshkov is the aircraft carrier bought from Russia
...
The Indian Navy has an amphibious transport dock of the Austin class, re -christened as INS
Jalashwa in Indian service
...
It is expected that four LPD
amphibious assault ships are to be constructed in the future
...
Guided Missile Destroyer (Designed to launch guided missile)
List of Guided missile destroyer of Indian Navy
 Kolkata Class- INS Kolkata, INS Chennai, INS Kochi,
 Kolkata class destroys are going to replace Delhi and Rajput class
...
Frigates Shivalik class- Shivalik class are being built under project 17A at Mazagon dock Limited Mumbai and GRSE,
kolkata
 Talwar class
Corvette- Corvette are small, manoeuvrable warship smaller than a frigate and larger than fast attack craft
...
The next generation Kamorta class is under development
...
India has developed first indigenously developed submarine INS Arihant which was launch 2009 in
Vishakhapatnam
...
It was formed in 1958 by the merger
of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence
Science Organisation
...


Achievements of DRDO
A
...
Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or guidance, flight
system, engine, and warhead
...
Missile propelles by chemical reactions inside a rocket
engine
...


Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of Defence program for the research
and development of a comprehensive range of missiles
...
The project started in early 1980s and ended in 2008
...


40

1
...


Missile
Prithvi-I
Prithvi-II
Prithvi-III
1
...


Type
Tactical
Tactical
Tactical

Warhead
Nuclear, submunitions, chemical
Nuclear, submunitions, chemical
Nuclear, submunitions, chemical

Payload (kg)
1,000
350–750
500–1,000

Range (km)
150
350
350–600

User: Army
Naval variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi II class missiles are codenamed Dhanush (meaning Bow)
...
Ballistic missile is a missile
that follows a ballistic flight path with the objective of delivering warheads to a predetermined target
...
Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km (Designed for short range battle field
use
...
g
...
Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): Range between 300 km and 3,500 km e
...
Shahab 3, Sejjil Iran, Gauri Pakistan
...
Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between
3,500 km and 5,500 km e
...
Agni-IV, Agni III, Shahab 5, Shahab 6, Poseidon
4
...
g
...

Short- and medium-range missiles are often collectively referred to as theater or tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs)
...
S
...

The flight phases are like those for ICBMs, except with no exoatmospheric phase for missiles with ranges less
than about 350 km
...
Agni
The Agni missile (Sanskrit:
, Agnī, root of English ignite) is a family of Medium to Intercontinental range
ballistic missiles developed by DRDO of India and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited
...
Trishul missile system
41

Trishul (Sanskrit:
, meaning trident) is the name of a short range surface-to-air missile developed by India
as a part of the IGMDP
...
5 kg warhead
...

India officially shut the down Trishul Missile project on 27 February 2008
...
Defence Minister George Fernandes indicated this in Rajya Sabha
(upper house of parliament), when he said the Trishul missile had been de-linked from user service, though it
would be continued as a technology demonstrator
...
Akash missile system

Akash (Sanskrit:
meaning Sky) is a medium range surface-to-air missile developed as part of IGMDP to
achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles
...
It has a launch weight of 720 kg
...
5
...
It is propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage
...
The Akash missile's use of ramjet propulsion system
allows it to maintain its speed without deceleration
...

The missile is supported by a multi-target and multi-function phased array fire control radar called the 'Rajendra'
with a range of about 80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement
...

How ramjet engine works?

An object moving at high speed through air generates a high pressure region upstream
...
It is then passed
through a nozzle to accelerate it to supersonic speeds
...

A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in
supersonic airflow
The Akash system meant for the Army uses the T-72
...


6
...
It is an all weather, top attack missile with a range of 3
to 7 km
...
A helicopter launched version (On Dhruv) is
called HELINA
...

For the Air Force, a nose-mounted thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory
...


7
...
Tactical Missiles
1
...

Pinaka is a multiple rocket launcher produced in India and developed by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Army
...
9 km2
...
Pinaka missiles were used during Kargil War, where they were successful in neutralizing
enemy positions on the mountain tops
...


2
...


3
...


Theatrical Ballistic Missile
Hypersonic Missile
a
...
Capable of hypersonic speeds, it has a range of 600 km and is capable of carrying a payload of onetonne conventional or nuclear warhead
...
(mach 1 or greater) Mach 1 is
defined as speed of sound i
...
340 meter/sec or 760miles/hrs
...

Mach 5 means 5 times the speed of sound (340X5=1700m/s)
...
"The classified 'K' missile family" is known as
the "Black Project" which DRDO are faster, lighter and stealthier
...
(indigenous built
nuclear submarine)Its land version is Shaurya
...
5 tonnes

10 m

to be inducted in 2017
...
It is designated to fit with Sukhoi Su-30MKI
...
Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy
...

They are distinct from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in that they are used only as weapons and not for
reconnaissance
...

Cruise missiles generally consist of a guidance system, payload, and propulsion system
...
Use of an automatic target recognition (ATR) devices in the guidance
system increases accuracy of the missile
...
Brahmos missile






BrahMos) is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land
...
The name
BrahMos is a combination word formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of
Russia
...
It can gain a speed of
Mach 2
...
[1] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg
warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead
...
Air-breathing ramjet propulsion gives the missile supersonic speed
India's India/Russia BrahMos-II is a stealth hypersonic missile jointly under developed by India and Russia
...
The Shaurya (missile) India is a hypersonic (Mach 7
...
Shaurya is a ballistic missile
that has a semi-cruise features because of its final path curvature
...


Subsonic Cruise Missile
Medium range subsonic
1
...
The missile will have a
range of 750 km
...
It will carry a ring laser gyroscope for
high-accuracy navigation and a radio altimeter for the height determination
...


Sudarshan
It is India’s first laser guided bomb
...
Indian Combat Vehicles
1
...

It can achieve a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph)
...
Automatic fire detection and suppression are included
...
All-round anti-tank warhead protection by the newly developed Kanchan armour
...


Arjun Mark II

Arjun Mark II has a total of 93 upgrades, Such as missile-firing capability
 Night vision to engage targets effectively at night
...


2
...
The T-72 was one of the most widely produced post-World War II tanks,
and the basic design has also been further developed as the T-90
...


3
...

The T-90M Bhishma is a customised, improved version of the T-90S, which India developed with assistance from Russia
and France, with both of whom India has very close ties
...
The tanks are equipped with the French Thales built thermal sights and utilize Russian explosive reactive
armoured plates
...
Sarvatra Mobile bridge laying system

Sarvatra is a truck-mounted, mobile bridging system developed by Research and
Development Establishment (R&DE) of Defence Research and Development

44

Organisation for the Indian army
...


Remotely Operated Vehicle

Daksh

Daksh is a remotely controlled robot used for locating, handling and destroying hazardous objects safely
...
Aeronautics
Avionics

1
...
The programme began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing
MiG-21 fighters
...

It integrates technologies such as fly-by-wire flight control system, multi-mode radar, integrated digital avionics system,
composite material structures, and a flat rated engine
...

The Tejas is the second supersonic fighter developed indigenously by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited after the HAL Marut
...


AvionicsThe Tejas has a night vision goggles (NVG)-compatible "glass cockpit" that is dominated by an CSIR-CSIO

developed indigenous head-up display (HUD)
...
Navigation
is via both GPS and an inertial navigation system
...


What is Radar?
Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of
objects
...

The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves called radar signals which bounce off any
object in their path
...

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves in predetermined directions
...
Radar signals are reflected especially well by
materials of considerable electrical conductivity—especially by most metals, by seawater and by wet lands
...
If the
object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the
radio waves, caused by the Doppler Effect
...
Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be
strengthened by electronic amplifiers
...


Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in
Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source
...
The
received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of
passing by, and it is lower during the recession
...
When the source of the waves is moving toward the
observer, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests(peaks) at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in
the frequency
...
Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer,
the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency, so the waves "spread out"
...
It is civil
aircraft to train pilot
...
Its powerful engine is called Shakti
...


Rudra Helicopter

Army version is fitted with Nag missile
...
Its flight
is controlled either autonomously by computers in the vehicle, or under the remote control of a pilot on the ground or in
another vehicle
...
UAVs are often preferred for missions that are "dangerous" for manned aircraft
...
DRDO Lakshya

Lakshya is an Indian remotely piloted vehicle target drone system developed by the Aeronautical Development
Establishment (ADE) of DRDO
...

The drone is remotely piloted by a ground control
...
7
Range: 150 km
Launch: Rocket Assisted
Recovery: Two stage parachute

2
...
The Nishant UAV is primarily tasked with intelligence
gathering over enemy territory and also for reconnaissance, training and surveillance
...

Development
The Nishant RPV made its first test flight in 1995
...


a)
b)
c)
d)

Features

Day/night capability training vehicle
All terrain mobility
Target designation (using integral laser target designator)
Endurance: 4 h 30 min

3
...

2
...
Its distinct features areDigital flight control and navigation system
...


4
...


It is a stealth UAV capable of releasing missiles, bombs and precision-guided munitions (PGM, smart weapon)
...
Type of PGM are1
...
Radar, Infrared, guided weapon
3
...
DRDO Abhyas
6
...
DRDO Imperial Eagle

It is a light weight mini UAV weighing 2
...
It is designed to be carried in
soldier’s back pack
...


8
...
The Netra is designed for anti
terrorist and counter insurgency operations in forested areas
...


D
...
Electronic warfare includes three major subdivisions: electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electro nic
warfare support (ES)
...


Electronic protection involves actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of enemy use of
the electromagnetic spectrum that destroy friendly combat capability
...

2
...

4
...

6
...


Electronic warfare support involves actions, to search for, or localize enemy EM sources
...

It has developed
Static as well as mobile ESM system Divya Drishti (divine eye)
...

Advance ESM system VARUNA
...

Radars
Indian Dopplar radar INDRA
...

Weapon locating radar
...
Naval Research and Development

DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed a range of sonars and related systems for the Indian Navy's frontline
combat ships
...

Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of
sonars
...

Torpedoes
DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs
...
Development was started in 1990
...
WAVE
Wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space and matter accompanied by a transfer of energy
...
For example when water wave are formed by throwing stone in still water, the
water molecules oscillate up and down forming wave but water molecule remain at their original place
...
Periodic motion means a motion that repeats regularly after a fixed period of time
...
on the basis of medium
B
...

On the basis of medium waves are two main types
1
...
Common example include
water waves, sound waves, waves on stretched string of musical instruments and
waves on coiled spring
...
Electromagnetic waves do not require material medium or matter
...

Examples include radio wave, micro wave, infrared, visible light, ultra violet, X-rays and gamma rays
...
On the basis of movement of particle of the medium waves are of two main
type
1
...
Examplelight wave
...
E
...

2
...
7
...
same as the direction of wave propagation
...
g
...

Both Transverse and longitudinal wave are examples of
simple harmonic motion because the individual particle
motion is simple and harmonic
...
2 A Longitudinal Wave

Characteristics of a harmonic wave
1
...


2
...
It is usually represented by λ (Greek letter lambda)
...

In figure 7
...

In figure 7
...


3
...
It is represented by
T
...


4
...
Thus the frequency
of the wave is equal to 1/T
...


48



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