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PATHOLGY 5TH

SEMESTER

INFLAMMATION:
Definition:

1
...


2
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Types of inflammation:
Inflammation is divided into two types:
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Chronic inflammation

Acute Inflammation:
Acute inflammation is the immediate and early response to injury, designed to deliver
leukocytes to the site of injury
...
g
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1
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Structural changes in the microvasculature that permit plasma proteins and
leukocytes to leave the circulation;
3
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g
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We first describe the characteristic reactions of acute
inflammation, and then the chemical mediators responsible for these reactions
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Alteration (vascular changes)
Since the two major mechanisms of host defense against microbes (antibodies and leukocytes)
are normally carried in the bloodstream, it is not surprising that vascular phenomena play a major
role in acute inflammation
...
In inflammation, blood vessels undergo a
series of changes that are designed to maximize the movement of plasma proteins and circulating
cells out of the circulation and into the site of injury or infection
...
It can be explained by:




Initial constriction
Persistent vasodilation

Initial constriction:

Constriction is followed by thet ripple response phenomenon
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The triple response of Lewis is due
to the release of histamine
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3) Wheal: due to exudation of fluid from capillaries and venules lasting for long duration
Swelling on the site of inflammation is due to exudation
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When inflammatory response slows down then tissue damage will
increase
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Release of mediator (histamine) changes
due to:
o Direct stimulation
o Loss of nerve supply
o Release of mediator

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FARRAH ABDUL KHALIQ

PATHOLGY 5TH

SEMESTER

 Persistent vasodilatation:

Direct stimulation

Injury

Chemical mediators

Vasodilatation

Nervous reaction



Causes of direct persistent vasodilatation:
Due to injury or inflammation process cells moves along the sides of vessels
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Vessel permeability increases and
causes the thickness of blood due to less exudation of cells
...

o Swelling of endothelial cells

5

FARRAH ABDUL KHALIQ

PATHOLGY 5TH

SEMESTER

2
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It is fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or
areas of inflammation
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When an injury occurs, leaving
skin exposed, it leaks out of the blood vessels and into nearby tissues
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Exudate is of following types:
o Fluid exudate (Purulent exudate):
Purulent exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen,
and necrotic parenchymal cells
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o Fibrinous exudate:
Fibrinous exudate is composed mainly of fibrinogen and fibrin
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Fibrinous inflammation is often difficult to resolve due to blood vessels growing
into the exudate and filling space that was occupied by fibrin
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o Cellular exudate:
Cells such as WBCs, neutrophils, mainly inflammatory cells are involved in cellular exudate
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3
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In
acute inflammation it is only seen in case of typhoid fever
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Redness (vasodilation):
It involves prostaglandins (PG) and nitrous oxide (NO)

2
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Swelling (vascular permeability increases):
Function of mediator is opening
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Pain:
It involves
o Bradykinin
o Prostaglandins

5
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All granulocytes, monocytes and, to a lesser extent, lymphocytes respond to
chemotactic stimuli with varying rates of speed
...
The most common exogenous agents
are bacterial products

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