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Title: Pulmonary Respiration
Description: Notes about the airway, ventilation and gaseous exchange.
Description: Notes about the airway, ventilation and gaseous exchange.
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In order for the cells in our body to stay
alive they need oxygen
...
The respiratory system
contains 3 major parts: the airways, the
lungs and the muscles of respiration
...
(Antranik
...
The nose is
structured from cartilage, bone, muscle and skin; it supports and protects the nasal cavity
...
The hairs and mucus which line the nasal cavity trap dust, dirt, pollen and any other
environmental contaminants
...
(OptiNose, 2015: InnerBody, 2015)
The mouth is the secondary opening to the respiratory tract and is used to supplement or
replace breathing from the nasal cavity when needed to
...
(InnerBody, 2015)
The pharynx (throat) is a muscular funnel which leads from the nasal cavity to the
oesophagus and larynx
...
The
pharynx consists of three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
...
Air
which has been inhaled travels from the nasal cavity and passes into the nasopharynx and
down through the oropharynx, which is located in the back of the oral cavity
...
(InnerBody, 2015: Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014)
The trachea is also known as the windpipe, it is around five inches long, it is a tube made of
‘C’ shaped hyaline cartilage rings, these rings of cartilage face towards the oesophagus,
allowing it to expand into the tracheas space in order to accommodate for food
consumption
...
The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and let’s air pass
through the neck and into the thorax
...
These go into each lung, then branch off into smaller bronchi known as secondary bronchi
...
These bronchi then split into even
smaller bronchi called tertiary bronchi, these split into small bronchioles which are spread within the
lungs
...
(InnerBody, 2015)
The smooth muscles in their walls help to regulate airflow into the lungs, during exercising the body
needs more air so the smooth muscle relaxes to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles, this provides
less resistance towards airflow and allows more air to pass in and out of the lungs
...
Like the
nasal cavity the bronchi and bronchioles contain cilia and mucus on their epithelial lining in order to
trap and move contaminants away from the lungs
...
Alveoli
are cup shaped structures found at the end of each terminal
bronchiole, these are covered by capillaries
...
(InnerBody, 2015) This picture shows how the capillaries wrap
around the alveoli
...
phy-astr
...
edu, 2015)
The lungs are surrounded by muscles which enable air to be breathed in and out of the lungs
...
When the diaphragm contracts it moves into the abdominal cavity, causing space
within the thoracic cavity to expand, which pulls air into the lungs
...
The lungs are also surrounded by pleural membrane,
this lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covers the lungs (visceral pleura)
...
The pleural membrane gives the lungs space to expand and a negative pressure space
...
(InnerBody, 2015: Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2015)
In between the ribs are small muscles called intercostal muscles, these help the diaphragm to
expand and compress the lungs
...
Internal intercostal go deep within the body, they depress the ribs to compress the
thoracic cavity and force air to be exhaled
...
(InnerBody, 2015)
Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs
...
Our diaphragm also contracts, causing it to pull downwards, which increases the volume of
the chest, pressure inside the chest is then reduced and air is sucked into the lungs
...
The
diaphragm also relaxes, causing it to move upwards, which reduces the volume of the chest,
pressure inside the chest then increase and forces air out
...
The distance in
which these gases diffuse between the alveoli and blood is very short because the lining of the lungs
and capillaries are around one cell in thickness
...
Ventilation helps to maintain the concentration gradient
...
Blood arriving in the alveoli has a lower concentration of oxygen, (because it has been used for cell
respiration) air inside the alveoli has a higher concentration, causing oxygen to move into the blood
via diffusion and combine with haemoglobin in red blood cells, these then become oxyhaemoglobin
(Bbc
...
uk, 2015: S-cool
...
uk, 2015)
The effectiveness of gas exchange is determined by different factors:
Ventilation, this maintains the concentration gradient as I explained before, if the concentration
gradient isn’t maintained at the right level oxygen cannot diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide
cannot diffuse out of the blood
...
Inhaled air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than
exhaled air, which contains more carbon dioxide, produced as a waste product of energy production
...
com, 2015)
For gas exchange to happen in the lungs and body’s tissue, blood needs to flow constantly through
the tissue
...
(Peer
...
edu, 2015)
Title: Pulmonary Respiration
Description: Notes about the airway, ventilation and gaseous exchange.
Description: Notes about the airway, ventilation and gaseous exchange.