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RELATIONSHIP OF
WORDS (SEMANTIC
STRUCTURE)

SEM ANT IC STRU CTU RE
The vocabulary of a language con tains a number
of lexical systems the seman tic structu re of
which can be described in terms of name-sense
relations which are divided in to 5
categories
...


Synonomy

Antonomy

H omopho
ny

H yponymy

H omonymy

M etonymy

Collocat ion

SYNOMYM Y
Synonymy is the relationship between two words that
have the same sense
...

unhappy/sad,
presen t/gift,
prisoner/convict

COGN I TI VE ,

DESCRIPTIVE AND N EAR

SYNON YMS
Cogn it ive synonyms: are synonyms that are
substi tu table in any grammatically declarative
sen tence
...

 For example: Ali is th r ifty and Ali is econom ical
...


Near-synonyms are expressions that appear
similar, bu t not really iden tical in meaning
because of the variations in thei r meaning
...
‘B rook’ is a
small stream while ‘stream’ is a small river
...

 I t expresses a k ind of relation that exists
between words or sen tences that are mu tually
con tradictory
...

 Examples: dead/ alive, pass/ fail and
hi t/ miss
...


Converse an tonyms : describe the
same relation or activi ty from
differen t
...

M ary bough t the car from John
...

I t involves undoing of an action
...


HYPONYMY
H yponymy involves the logical
relationship of inclusion
...
The term “animal” is the
upper term known as the
Superordinate while the lower term
is called the H yponym
...


HOMONYMY
A seman tic relation that describes a word that has
un related senses
...

 i,e: N igh t-knigh t,
know-now,
w ring-ring

Homographs: words that have the same spelling
regardless thei r pronunciation wi th differen t
senses

METONYMY
A word that has been taken from
the Greek word metonumia which
means a change of name
...

Example:
The whi te H ouse refers to the US
governmen t
...


COL L OCAT ION
refers to how words go together or form fixed
relationships



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