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APP11 muscles
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Page APP 34

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY

APP 34
Muscle(s)

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Main Action(s)

Buccinator

Mandible, pterygomandibular
raphe, and alveolar processes
of maxilla and mandible

Angle of mouth

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Presses cheek against molar teeth,
thereby aiding chewing; expels air
from oral cavity, as when a wind
instrument is played; draws mouth
to one side when acting unilaterally

Bulbospongiosus

Male: median raphe, ventral
surface of bulb of penis, and
perineal body
Female: perineal body

Male: corpora spongiosum and
cavernosa and fascia of bulb of
penis
Female: fascia of corpora cavernosa

Deep branch of perineal nerve,
a branch of pudendal nerve
(S2, S3, and S4)

Works with external anal sphincter
to support/fix perineal body
Male: compresses bulb of penis to
expel last drops of urine or semen;
assists erection by pushing blood
into body of penis and compressing
outflow veins
Female: “sphincter” of vagina;
assists in erection of clitoris

Ciliary

Scleral spur

Meridional, radial, and circular
fibers intrinsic to ciliary body

Parasympathetic fibers of
oculomotor nerve and ciliary
ganglion

Relieve tension on lens of eye,
allowing it to become more convex
for near vision

Coccygeus (ischiococcygeus)

Ischial spine

Inferior end of sacrum

Branches of S4 and
S5 nerves

Forms small part of pelvic
diaphragm that supports pelvic
viscera; flexes coccyx

Coracobrachialis

Tip of coracoid process of
scapula humerus

Middle third of medial surface of
(C5–C7)

Musculocutaneous nerve

Helps to flex and adduct arm

Corrugator supercilii

Medial end of superciliary arch
of frontal bone

Skin above middle of eyebrow

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Draws eyebrow medially and
inferiorly, producing vertical
wrinkles above nose

Cremaster

Internal oblique muscle and
inguinal ligament

Spermatic cord and tunica
vaginalis

Genital branch of
genitofemoral nerve (L1–L2)

Elevation of testis

Cricopharyngeus

Posterolateral cricoid cartilage
on one side

Posterolateral cricoid cartilage of
other side

Vagus (CN X)

Serves as upper esophageal
sphincter

Cricothyroid

Anterolateral part of cricoid
cartilage

Inferior margin and inferior horn
of thyroid cartilage

External laryngeal nerve

Stretches and tenses vocal fold

Deep transverse
perineal muscle

Internal surface of ischiopubic
ramus and ischial tuberosity

Median raphe, perineal body, and
external anal sphincter

Deep branch of perineal
nerve, a branch of pudendal
nerve (S2, S3, and S4)

Support and fix perineal body
(pelvic floor) to support
abdominopelvic viscera and resist
increased intraabdominal pressure

Deltoid

Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
and spine of scapula

Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Anterior part: flexes and medially
rotates arm
Middle part: abducts arm
Posterior part: extends and laterally
rotates arm

Depressor labii
inferioris/anguli oris

Anterolateral aspect of body of
mandible

Lower lip/angle of mouth

Marginal mandibular branch
of facial nerve (CN VII)

Depresses and/or everts lower lip;
pulls angle of mouth and modiolus
inferiorly

Depressor septi nasi

Incisor fossa of maxilla

Mobile part of nasal septum

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Helps to dilate nostril during deep
inspiration and depresses nasal
septum

Diaphragm

Xiphoid process, inferior 6
costal cartilages and adjoining
ribs, arcuate ligaments, anterior longitudinal ligaments and
bodies and discs of lumbar
vertebrae 1–3

Central tendon of diaphragm

Phrenic nerve (C3–C5)

Diaphragm descends, decreasing
intrathoracic pressure and thus
resulting in inhalation and assisting
return of venous blood to heart

Digastric

Anterior belly: digastric fossa
of mandible
Posterior belly: mastoid notch
of temporal bone

Intermediate tendon to body and
greater horn of hyoid bone

Anterior belly: mylohyoid
nerve, a branch of inferior
alveolar nerve
Posterior belly:
facial nerve (CN VII)

Depresses mandible; raises hyoid
bone and steadies it during
swallowing and speaking

Dorsal interossei
(4 muscles) of foot

Adjacent sides of
metatarsals 1–5

1st: medial side of proximal
phalanx of 2nd toe
2nd–4th: lateral sides of
2nd–4th toes

Lateral plantar nerve
(S2, S3)

Abduct toes (2–4) and flex
metatarsophalangeal joints

Dorsal interossei 1–4
of hand

Adjacent sides of 2 metacarpals (bipennate muscles)

Extensor expansions and bases of
proximal phalanges of digits 2–4

Deep branch of ulnar nerve
(C8, T1)

Abduct digits from axial line and
act with lumbricals to flex
metacarpophalangeal joints and
extend interphalangeal joints

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Page APP 36

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY

APP 36
Muscle(s)

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Main Action(s)

Fibularis (peroneus)
brevis

Inferior two thirds of lateral
surface of fibula

Dorsal surface of tuberosity on
on lateral side of base of 5th
metatarsal

Superficial fibular (peroneal)
nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Everts foot and weakly
plantarflexes ankle

Fibularis (peroneus)
longus

Head and superior two thirds
of lateral surface of fibula

Base of 1st metatarsal and
medial cuneiform

Superficial fibular (peroneal)
nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Everts foot and weakly
plantarflexes ankle

Fibularis (peroneus)
tertius

Inferior third of anterior
surface of fibula and
interosseous membrane

Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve Dorsiflexes ankle and aids in
(L5, S1)
eversion of foot

Flexor carpi radialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Base of 2nd metacarpal bone

Median nerve (C6, C7)

Flexes and abducts hand (at wrist)
radially

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Humeral head: medial epicondyle
of humerus
Ulnar head: olecranon and
posterior border of ulna

Pisiform bone, hook of hamate
bone, and 5th metacarpal bone

Ulnar nerve (C7, C8)

Flexes and adducts hand (at wrist)
ulnarly

Flexor digiti minimi
brevis of foot

Base of 5th metatarsal

Base of proximal phalanx of 5th
digit

Superficial branch of lateral
plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit,
thereby assisting with its flexion

Flexor digiti minimi
brevis of hand

Hook of hamate and flexor flexor
retinaculum

Medial side of base of proximal
phalanx of little finger

Deep branch of ulnar nerve
(C8, T1)

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Flexor digitorum brevis

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of Both sides of middle phalanges
calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, of lateral 4 digits
intermuscular septa

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Flexes lateral 4 digits

Flexor digitorum
longus

Medial part of posterior surface Bases of distal phalanges
of tibia inferior to soleal line and
of lateral 4 digits
by a broad tendon to fibula

Tibial nerve (S2, S3)

Flexes lateral 4 digits and
plantarflexes ankle; supports
longitudinal arch of foot

Flexor digitorum
profundus

Proximal three fourths of
Bases of distal phalanges of
medial and anterior surfaces of medial 4 digits
ulna and interosseous membrane

Medial part: ulnar nerve
(C8, T1)
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Page APP 37

APP 37

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
Muscle(s)

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Main Action(s)

Gluteus minimus

External surface of ilium
between anterior and inferior
gluteal lines

Anterior surface of greater
trochanter of femur

Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

Abducts and medially rotates thigh;
keeps pelvis level when opposite
leg is raised off ground

Gracilis

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

Superior part of medial surface
of tibia

Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

Adducts thigh; flexes leg, helps
rotate it medially

Hyoglossus

Body and greater horn of hyoid Side and inferior aspect of tongue
bone

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Depresses and retracts tongue

Iliacus

Iliac crest, superior two thirds
of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and
anterior sacroiliac ligaments

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Flexes thigh and stabilizes hip
joint; acts with psoas major

Inferior constrictor of
pharynx

Oblique line of thyroid cartilage Median raphe of pharynx
and side of cricoid cartilage

Cranial root of accessory
nerve (CN XI) branches of
external and recurrent laryngeal nerves of vagus (CN X)

Constricts wall of pharynx during
swallowing

Inferior longitudinal
muscle of tongue

Root of tongue and body of
hyoid bone

Apex of tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Curls tip of tongue inferiorly and
shortens tongue

Inferior oblique

Anterior part of floor of orbit

Sclera deep to lateral rectus muscle

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Abducts, elevates, and laterally
rotates eyeball

Inferior rectus

Common tendinous ring

Sclera just posterior to cornea

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Depresses, adducts, and rotates
eyeball medially

Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Middle facet on greater tubercle
of humerus

Suprascapular nerve
(C5, C6)

Laterally rotates arm; helps to hold
humeral head in glenoid cavity
of scapula

Innermost intercostal

Inner surfaces of ribs, from
angles to costochondral
junction

Superior borders of ribs below

Intercostal nerves

Probably depress ribs

Lesser trochanter of femur and
shaft inferior to it, and to psoas
major tendon

Internal intercostal

Inferior borders of ribs

Superior border of ribs below

Intercostal nerves

Depress ribs

Internal oblique

Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior
two thirds of iliac crest, and
lateral half of inguinal ligament

Inferior borders of 10th–12th ribs,
linea alba, and pecten pubis
through conjoint tendon

Thoracoabdominal (anterior
rami of inferior 6 thoracic)
and 1st lumbar nerves

Compresses and supports
abdominal viscera; flexes and
rotates trunk

Interspinales

Superior surfaces of spinous
processes of cervical and
lumbar vertebrae

Inferior surfaces of spinous
processes of vertebrae superior
to vertebrae of origin

Posterior rami of spinal
nerves

Aid in extension and rotation of
vertebral column

Intertransversarii

Transverse processes of
cervical and lumbar vertebrae

Transverse processes of
adjacent vertebrae

Posterior and anterior rami
of spinal nerves

Aid in lateral bending of vertebral
column; acting bilaterally, stabilize
vertebral column

Ischiocavernosus

Internal surface of ischiopubic
ramus and ischial tuberosity

Crus of penis or clitoris

Deep branch of perineal
nerve, a branch of pudendal
nerve (S2–S4)

Maintains erection of penis or
clitoris by compressing outflow
veins and pushing blood into body
of penis or clitoris

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Arch of cricoid cartilage

Muscular process of arytenoid
cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerve
(branch of vagus [CN X])

Adducts vocal fold (interligamentous
portion)

Lateral pterygoid

Superior head: infratemporal
Neck of mandible (pterygoid fovea);
surface and infratemporal crest articular disc and capsule of
of greater wing of sphenoid bone temporomandibular joint
Inferior head: lateral surface
of lateral pterygoid plate

Mandibular nerve (CN V3)
through lateral pterygoid
nerve from anterior trunk,
which enters its deep
surface

Acting together, protrude mandible
and depress chin; acting alone and
alternately, produce side-to-side
movements of mandible

Lateral rectus

Common tendinous ring

Sclera just posterior to cornea

Abducent nerve (CN VI)

Abducts eyeball

Latissimus dorsi

Spinous processes of inferior
6 thoracic vertebrae, thoraco lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and
inferior 3 or 4 ribs

Floor of intertubercular
groove of humerus

Thoracodorsal nerve
(C6–C8)

Extends, adducts, and medially
rotates humerus; raises body
toward arms during climbing

Levator anguli oris

Canine fossa of maxilla

Orbicularis oris and skin at
angle of mouth

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Raises angle of mouth, as
in smiling

Levator ani
(pubococcygeus,
puborectalis, and
iliococcygeus)

Body of pubis, tendinous arch
of obturator fascia, and
ischial spine

Perineal body, coccyx,
anococcygeal ligament, walls of
prostate or vagina, rectum,
and anal canal

Nerve to levator ani (branches
of S4) and inferior anal
(rectal) nerve and coccygeal
plexus

Helps support pelvic viscera and
resists increases in intraabdominal
pressure

Levatores costarum

Tips of transverse processes
of C7 and T1–T11 vertebrae

Pass inferolaterally and insert on
subjacent rib between its tubercle
and angle

Posterior rami of C8–T11
spinal nerves

Elevate ribs, assisting inspiration;
assist with lateral bending of
vertebral column

Levator labii superioris

Frontal process of maxilla
and infraorbital region

Skin of upper lip and alar cartilage Facial nerve (CN VII)
of nose

Elevates lip, dilates nostril, and
raises angle of mouth

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Page APP 39

APP 39

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY
Muscle(s)

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Main Action(s)

Opponens digiti minimi

Hook of hamate and flexor
retinaculum

Medial border of 5th metacarpal

Deep branch of ulnar nerve
(C8, T1)

Draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly
and rotates it, bringing digit 5 into
opposition with thumb

Opponens pollicis

Flexor retinaculum and
tubercles of scaphoid and
trapezium

Lateral side of 1st metacarpal

Recurrent branch of median
nerve (C8, T1)

Draws 1st metacarpal bone laterally
to oppose thumb toward center of
palm and rotates it medially

Orbicularis oculi

Medial orbital margin, medial
palpebral ligament, and
lacrimal bone

Skin around margin of orbit;
tarsal plate

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Closes eyelids; palpebral part
closes lids gently; orbital part gently
closes lids tightly

Orbicularis oris

Some fibers arise near median Mucous membrane of lips
plane of maxilla superiorly and
mandible inferiorly; others arise
from deep surface of skin

Facial nerve (CN VII)

As sphincter of oral opening,
compresses and protrudes lips
(e
...
, purses them during whistling
and sucking)

Palatoglossus

Palatine aponeurosis

Side of tongue

Cranial part of accessory nerve Elevates posterior part of tongue
(CN XI) through pharyngeal
and draws soft palate onto tongue
branch of vagus nerve (CN X)
by way of pharyngeal plexus

Palatopharyngeus

Hard palate and palatine
aponeurosis

Lateral wall of pharynx

Cranial part of accessory nerve Tenses soft palate and pulls walls
(CN XI) through pharyngeal
of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly,
branch of vagus nerve (CN X) and medially during swallowing
by way of pharyngeal plexus

Palmar interossei 1–3

Palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th,
and 5th metacarpals
(unipennate muscles)

Extensor expansions of digits
and bases of proximal phalanges
of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits

Deep branch of ulnar nerve
(C8, T1)

Adduct digits toward axial line and
assist lumbricals in flexing
metacarpophalangeal joints and
extending interphalangeal joints

Palmaris brevis

Ulnar side of central portion
of palmar aponeurosis

Skin of ulnar side of hand

Superficial ulnar nerve (T1)

Wrinkles skin on palmar side of hand

Palmaris longus

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Distal half of flexor retinaculum
and palmar aponeurosis

Median nerve (C7, C8)

Flexes hand (at wrist) and tightens
palmar aponeurosis

Pectineus

Superior ramus of pubis

Pectineal line of femur, just
inferior to lesser trochanter

Femoral nerve (L2, L3); may
receive a branch from
obturator nerve

Adducts and flexes thigh; assists
with medial rotation of thigh

Pectoralis major

Clavicular head: anterior surface
Lateral lip of intertubercular
of medial half of clavicle
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Page APP 40

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY

APP 40
Muscle(s)

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Main Action(s)

Psoas major

Sides of T12–L5 vertebrae and
discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar
vertebrae

Lesser trochanter of femur

Anterior rami of lumbar
nerves(L1–L3)

Flexes and rotates thigh laterally at
hip joint; when thigh is fixed, flexes
lumbar vertebrae anteriorly and
laterally

Psoas minor

Sides of T12–L1 vertebrae and
intervertebral discs

Pectineal line, iliopectineal
eminence via iliopectineal arch

Anterior rami of lumbar
nerves (L1, L2)

Acts conjointly with psoas major to
flex thigh at hip joint and stabilize
this joint

Pyramidalis

Crest of pubis

Lower portion of linea alba

Subcostal nerve

Tenses linea alba

Quadratus femoris

Lateral border of ischial
tuberosity

Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and
area inferior to it

Nerve to quadratus femoris
(L5, S1)

Laterally rotates thigh; steadies
femoral head in acetabulum

Quadratus lumborum

Medial half of inferior border of Iliolumbar ligament and internal
12th rib and tips of lumbar
lip of iliac crest
transverse processes

Ventral branches of T12 and
L1–L4 nerves

Extends and laterally flexes
vertebral column; fixes 12th rib
during inspiration

Quadratus plantae

Medial surface and lateral
margin of plantar surface of
calcaneus

Posterolateral margin of tendon
of flexor digitorum longus

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) Assists flexor digitorum longus
in flexing lateral 4 digits

Rectus abdominis

Pubic symphysis and pubic crest

Xiphoid process and 5th–7th
costal cartilages

Thoracoabdominal nerves
(anterior rami of inferior 6
thoracic nerves)

Flexes trunk (lumbar vertebrae) and
compresses abdominal viscera
(indirectly opposing diaphragm)

Rectus capitis anterior

Anterior surface of lateral
mass of C1 vertebra (atlas)

Base of skull, just anterior to
occipital condyle

Branches from loop between
C1 and C2 spinal nerves

Flexes head at atlantooccipital joint

Rectus capitis lateralis

Transverse process of C1
vertebra (atlas)

Jugular process of occipital bone

Branches from loop between
C1 and C2 spinal nerves

Flexes head and helps to stabilize it

Rectus capitis posterior
major

Spinous process of C2
vertebra (axis)

Middle of inferior nuchal line of
occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Extends head at atlantooccipital
joint

Rectus capitis posterior
minor

Dorsal tubercle of C1 vertebra
(atlas)

Medial third of inferior nuchal line
of occipital bone

Suboccipital nerve

Extends head at atlantooccipital
joint

Rectus femoris

Anterior inferior iliac spine and
ilium superior to acetabulum

Base of patella and by patellar
ligament to tibial tuberosity

Femoral nerve (L2–L4)

Extend leg at knee joint; rectus
femoris also steadies hip joint and
helps iliopsoas to flex thigh

Rhomboid minor and
major

Minor: nuchal ligament and
spinous processes of C7 and
T1 vertebrae
Major: spinous processes of
T2–T5 vertebrae

Medial border of scapula from
level of spine to inferior angle

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Retract scapula and rotate it to
depress glenoid cavity; fix scapula
to thoracic wall

Risorius

Platysma and fascia of masseter

Orbicularis oris, skin of corner of
mouth, modiolus

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Retracts angle of mouth,
lengthening rima oris

Salpingopharyngeus

Cartilaginous part of auditory
tube

Blends with palatopharyngeus

Cranial root of accessory
nerve through pharyngeal
branch of vagus and
pharyngeal plexus

Elevates (shortens and widens)
pharynx and larynx during
swallowing and speaking

Sartorius

Anterior superior iliac spine
and superior part of notch
inferior to it

Superior part of medial surface
of tibia

Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

Flexes, abducts, and laterally
rotates thigh at hip joint; flexes leg
at knee joint

Scalenus anterior

Transverse processes
of C4–C6 vertebrae

1st rib

Cervical spine nerves
(C4–C6)

Elevates 1st rib; flexes and rotates
neck laterally

Scalenus medius

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4–C6
vertebrae

Superior surface of 1st rib,
posterior groove for subclavian
artery

Anterior rami of cervical
spinal nerves

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 1st
rib during forced inspiration

Scalenus posterior

Posterior tubercles of transverse
processes of C4–C6 vertebrae

External border of 2nd rib

Anterior rami of cervical
nerves C7 and C8

Flexes neck laterally; elevates 2nd
rib during forced inspiration

Semimembranosus

Ischial tuberosity

Posterior part of medial condyle
of tibia; reflected attachment
forms oblique popliteal ligament
(to lateral femoral condyle)

Tibial division of sciatic nerve Extends thigh; flexes leg and, when
(L5, S1, S2)
knee is flexed, rotates it medially;
when hip is flexed and knee is
extended, can raise trunk against
gravity

Semitendinosus

Ischial tuberosity

Medial surface of superior part
of tibia

Tibial division of sciatic nerve Extends thigh; flexes leg and, when
(L5, S1, S2)
knee is flexed, rotates it medially;
when hip is flexed and knee is
extended, can raise trunk against
gravity

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Page APP 42

MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY

APP 42
Muscle(s)

Origin

Insertion

Innervation

Main Action(s)

Supinator

Lateral epicondyle of humerus,
radial collateral and anular
ligaments, supinator fossa,
and crest of ulna

Lateral, posterior, and anterior
surfaces of proximal third of
radius

Deep branch of radial nerve
(C5, C6)

Supinates forearm (i
...
, rotates
radius to turn palm anteriorly)

Supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Superior facet on greater
tubercle of humerus

Suprascapular nerve (C4–C6)

Initiates and assists deltoid in
abduction of arm and acts with
rotator cuff muscles

Temporalis

Floor of temporal fossa and
deep surface of temporal fascia

Tip and medial surface of coronoid
process and anterior border of
ramus of mandible

Deep temporal branches of
mandibular nerve (CN V3)

Elevates mandible, closing jaws;
its posterior fibers retract mandible
after protrusion (SEE ALSO masseter)

Tensor fascia latae

Anterior superior iliac spine
and anterior part of iliac crest

Iliotibial tract that attaches to
lateral condyle of tibia

Superior gluteal (L4, by L5)

Abducts, medially rotates, and
flexes thigh; helps to keep knee
extended; steadies trunk on thigh

Tensor tympani

Canal for tensor tympani of
petrous part of temporal bone
and cartilage of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Handle of malleus

Branch of mandibular nerve
(CN V3) by otic ganglion

Tenses tympanic membrane to
damp excessive vibration
caused by loud noise

Tensor veli palatini

Scaphoid fossa of medial pterygoid plate, spine of sphenoid
bone, and cartilage of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Palatine aponeurosis

Medial pterygoid nerve (a
branch of mandibular nerve
—CN V3) by otic ganglion

Tenses soft palate andopens
mouth of auditory tube during
swallowing and yawning

Teres major

Dorsal surface of inferior
angle of scapula

Medial lip of intertubercular
groove of humerus

Lower subscapular nerve
(C6, C7)

Adducts and medially rotates arm

Teres minor

Superior part of lateral border
of scapula

Inferior facet on greater tubercle
of humerus

Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Laterally rotate arm; help to hold
humeral head in glenoid cavity
of scapula

Thyroarytenoid

Posterior surface of thyroid
cartilage

Muscular process of arytenoid
cartilage

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Relaxes vocal fold

Thyrohyoid

Oblique line of thyroid
cartilage

Inferior border of body and
greater horn of hyoid bone

C1 by hypoglossal nerve

Depresses hyoid bone and
elevates larynx

Tibialis anterior

Lateral condyle and superior
half of lateral surface of tibia
and interosseous membrane

Medial and inferior surfaces of
medial cuneiform and base of
1st metatarsal

Deep fibular (peroneal)
nerve (L4, L5)

Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot

Tibialis posterior

Interosseous membrane,
posterior surface of tibia inferior
to soleal line, and posterior
surface of fibula

Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform,
and cuboid and bases of 2nd,
3rd, and 4th metatarsals

Tibial nerve (L4, L5)

Plantarflexes ankle and inverts
foot

Transverse muscle of
tongue

Median fibrous septum

Fibrous tissue at margins of
tongue

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Narrows and elongates tongue;
acts simultaneously to protrude
tongue

Transversospinalis

Transverse processes:
Semispinalis arises from
transverse processes of C4–
T12 vertebrae
Multifidus arises from sacrum
and ilium, transverse processes
of T1–T3, and articular
processes of C4–C7
Rotatores arise from transverse processes of vertebrae;
are most highly developed in
thoracic region

Spinous processes:
Semispinalis—thoracis, cervicis,
and capitis: fibers run superomedially to occipital bone and
spinous processes in thoracic
and cervical regions, spanning
4–6 segments
Multifidus: fibers pass superomedially to spinous processes
of vertebrae above, spanning
2–4 segments
Rotatores: pass superomedially
to attach to junction of lamina
and transverse process, or
spinous process, of vertebra
above their origin, spanning
1–2 segments

Posterior rami of
spinal nerves

Extend head and thoracic and
cervical regions of vertebral
column and rotate them contralaterally; stabilize vertebrae
during local movements of
vertebral column; stabilize
vertebrae and assist with local
extension and rotary movements
of vertebral column; may function
as organs of proprioception

Transversus abdominis

Internal surfaces of 7th–12th
costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and
lateral third of inguinal ligament

Linea alba with aponeurosis of
internal oblique, pubic crest, and
pecten pubis through conjoint
tendon

Intercostal nerves 7–12,
iliohypogastric nerve,
iliolingual nerve

Compresses and
supports abdominal
viscera

Transversus thoracis

Posterior surface of lower
sternum

Internal surface of costal
cartilages 2–6

Intercostal nerves

Depress ribs

APP11 muscles

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