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LANGUAGE LEVELS- GRAMMAR
Section 1: Morphology
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Morphology is the study of word structure

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Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within words
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colourful (adjective)

Section 2: Word Classes
Nouns
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Abstract – refers to states, feelings and concepts that have no physical existence e
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pain, happiness
Concrete – refers to objects that have physical existence
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Divided into:
o Singular – this (near), that (far)
o Plural – these (near), those (far)
Object – a pronoun that usually appears as being affected by a verb process
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Divided into:
o Singular – my (first person), your (second person), his/her/their (third person)
o Plural – our (first person), your (second person), their (third person)
Reflexive – a pronoun that is preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it
refers (its antecedent) within the same clause
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Divided into:
o relative clauses – that (subject), whom (object), whose (possessive)
o Non-defining relative clauses – who (subject), whom (object), whose (possessive) [parenthetical
commas]
Subject – a pronoun that usually occurs as the actor in a verbal process
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You can’t be more pregnant
or most pregnant – you are just pregnant
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In
some instances, verbs have double the final consonant of the base form e
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commit > committed

Inflection is when you add an ending to a verb e
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–ed/-ing to change tense or number
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Adverbs
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Manner – describes how something happened e
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She ate the cheese greedily
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Place – describes where something happened e
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Put the cheese there
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Degree – describes how much (the quantity) of something e
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She really likes cheese
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Subordinating conjunctions – these signal the start of a subordinate clause e
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Because I love you, I’ll buy
you an ice cream
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The infinitive ‘to-’ form or present participle is used e
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To buy some cheese / Running down the
road
Embedded clause – a clause which provides additional information to the main clause contained within
commas e
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Churchill, who was Prime Minister during the Second World War, enjoyed painting
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In sentences:
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Left-branching sentence – a sentence containing the subordinate clause(s) before the main clause e
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While
in the garden, Harry found a golden egg
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Section 4: Sentence Elements
SVOCA
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Subject – this normally performs the action of the sentence or clause and can be a single
word/phrase
Verb – the action or state in the sentence or clause
Object – this normally receives the action and comes after the verb
Complement – a clause element that tells you more about the subject or object
Adverbial – part of a clause or sentence which identifies where, when, how – modifying the verb

Direct Object vs Indirect Object
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Direct object – the thing acted upon by the subject
Indirect object – the thing that receives the action

Example:
o Mary gave Tom Brown (IO) Dick Turpin (DO)
o Mary gave Tom Brown (DO) to Dick Turpin (IO)
Passive and Active Voice
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Active Voice – clause construction where the subject is also the actor (they are ‘doing’ the verb)
o E
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Tony kicked the ball
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There is a focus on the goal in the passive voice
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Syntax
Syntax refers to the order in which the elements of the sentence are placed
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the passive
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Section 5: Sentence Types

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Minor sentence-does not contain a subject-verb-object construction making it technically
ungrammatical but does make pragmatic sense on its own
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E
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I ate the
apple
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More than one thing is happening or being expressed and each clause has
the same weight or importance
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Complex sentence- has two or more clauses, one of which is a subordinate clause using
subordinating conjunctions (by/because/when/although)
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In a complex sentence more than one thing is
happening or being expressed but one event is thought to be more important than the other
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Compound-complex sentence- has three or more clauses, at least one of which will be a
subordinate clause, and one of which will be a coordinate clause
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Section 6: Verb Mood
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Declarative- a statement of fact or feeling E
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He shut the window
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Interrogative- a question E
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Did he shut the window?

Interrogatives require a reply, maintain conversation, can illustrate power and can be used as a
persuasive device
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They are found in bald, unsoftened forms
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Pick that up! or more frequently in softened, mitigated forms e
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Please could you pick that up for
me

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