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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION
Is the protection of natural resources for the future use
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- To ensure sufficient of water
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- Reduce Ozone layer depletion
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Over exploitation: is the overuse of natural resources
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Protection: - use of scrap metal is instead of extracting minerals from the ground,
Recycling
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- Reducing population pressure through establishment of family planning birth control
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Note :- Utilization: Is the use of natural resources
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Environmental destruction are die the following reasons
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ii) Damping of solid and liquid waste on the land and into large water masses , engravers,
wells and oceans
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AGRICULTURE CHEMICALS
- Use of the pesticides and fertilizer
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- Pesticides causes water pollution , facilitate growth of sea weeds causing oxygen deficiency
for marine organism
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EFFECT IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
- Soil Acidification
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- Climate Change
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- Manure
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ii) DAMPING OF SOLID AND LIQUID INDUSTRIAL WASTE OF THE LAND AND INTO
LARGE WATER
- Damping of solid and liquid industrial wastes on land and into large water cause deterioration
of water quality and land in general
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Destruction of environment from petroleum product is mainly due to accidental spills
from the ships , tanker trucks , pipe lines and leaky of underground storage tanks
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They may become incorporated into plants
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- Poisonous gases eg
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These cause
destruction of air, causing harmfully diseases to human beings
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ii) Chemical treatment of urban sewage
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POLLUTION
Environmental pollution is the contamination of air, water, and land form man made wastes
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1
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It occurs in lakes, oceans and rivers
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i) Sources of water pollution
The major forms and the sources of water pollution are: a) Oil (Petroleum Product) discharged
- These including manufacture of plastics, lubricants solvents and synthetic fabrics fractional
distillation of clued oil to produce vehicle fuel , paraffin wax , refinery gases for domestic
cooking and bitumen for road surfacing and products is mainly due to accidental spills from the
ships , tanker truckers , pipeline and leakage , from underground storage tanks
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- They get into water sources through run – off and atmospheric transport and deposition
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c) Heavy metals
Heavy metals such as mercury are dangerous pollutants
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When deposited on surface they become incorporated in plants food
crops and animals
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i) Management of water
Water management refers to practices of planning developing, distribution and optimum,
utilizing of water resources under defined water polices and regulations
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b) Management of water resources
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Treatment of water maybe divided into two;i) Purification of domestic use
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2
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These are dangerous
substances can be either in the form of gases or particles
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CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel , burning power plants, and automobiles that
combust fuel
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When smoke present in the atmosphere combine fog present in the air
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ii) Green House effect – It is formed due to the contamination of several important gases
with the air
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eg
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These are very harmful
for the human skin and causes cancer
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i) Effects on human health
Severe air pollution cause many fatal diseases and disorders some of the effects caused by
inhaling polluted air are: a) Sulphur dioxide enters soft tissues causing drying of the mouth, scratchy throat and smarting
eyes
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c) Oxides carbon , sulphur , nitrogen diffuse into the blood and combine with haemoglobin
causing reduction in it is oxygen carrying capacity
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Effects of air pollution on vegetation are :a) Sulphur dioxide causes chlorosis i
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loss of effects on tress , plants and vegetation
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c) Photochemical Smog bleaches and blazes foliage of economically important of plants and
crops
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Various fluorine compounds which fall on foliage plants are eaten by livestock causing abnormal
calcification of bones and teeth, called fluoride toxicity
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3
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Causes 0f land pollution
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Increase in urbanization is major cause of land pollution
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This leads to the exploitation and destruction of forests
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EFFECTS OF LANDS POLLUTION
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Makes places look dirty due of tonnes and tonnes domestic wastes dumped without
proper disposal of them
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Land pollution has serious effects on wildlife
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Prevention of Land pollution
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People should be educated and made aware about the harmful effects of littering
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Inorganic matter such as paper , glass , plastics and metals should be reclaimed and then
recycled
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Industries are among the leading sources of air pollutant
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(b) Explain two other sources of air pollutants
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(d) Explain how industrial worker can be protected against harmful chemical
fumes
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(a) How is ozone formed?
(b) What are the causes of depletion of ozone layer?
(c) Explain harmful effects of depletion of ozone layer
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What is green house effect and what are its effects
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Write short notes on:(i) Acid rain
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(iii)Environmental effect caused by mining
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What do you understand by the term Eutrophication and its causes? – How
does it threaten the development of marine life?

ANSWER:
Q1
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Carbon dioxide
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Carbon monoxide
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Methane
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Sulphur dioxide
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Burning fuels from car
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Spread of air borne diseases E
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Tuberculosis
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Acid rain
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Global warming
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using protective masks to protect them from harmful fumes
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Good ventilation systems in industries i
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air circulation
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Close chambers for chemical processes
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(a) Ozone layer formation;-

(b) Causes of depletion of ozone layer
(a) Natural destruction
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(c) Harmful effects of ozone layer depletion

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3
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This result in the overall
increase in the average temperature of the Earth
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- Effects of green house:
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Ice caps will melt and this leads to increase in sea level
which in turn lead to flooding (islands may disappear)

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(i) Effects of Acid Rain;On Humans

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On the Soil

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Reactions for the formation of acidic rain

4
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It is usually found in cities
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Eutrophication:Is the process of adding of healthy adequate nutrition to water bodies or Addition of artificial
or natural substances such as nitrates or phosphate through water
runoffs sewages etc
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Causes of Eutrophication
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It is due to adding of nutrients such as Nitrates phosphates
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Overflow of sanitary sewers
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Untreated sewage
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Cultivation near water bodies
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Decrease of biodiversity
Death of marine organisms
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When the
phytoplanktons die, they decompose and marine organisms use up oxygen to
decompose them
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Questions:
1
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2
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Surface area
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Electric charge
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Ion exchange
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Explain the mechanism of ion exchange soil
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Describe cation exchange capacity of soil
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Calculation of percentage base saturation of a soil sample
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6
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(c) When is copper considered as transition metal?
(d) When does it not show transition behavior?
7
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Explain the following observations:(i) Water molecules readily coordinate with cations of the above series but Hydronium ion (
O+ )
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01mole of Co C
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03moles of silver chloride
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01mole of Co C
only 0
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leads to immediate precipitation of



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