Notesale: Turn your study into money

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I
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Chemical synthesis (making new living material such as proteins)

2
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Cell division (in meristems)

4
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How living things obtain energy-cell respiration:
1
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Involves breaking down complicated molecules like sugar into
smaller, simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water
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The energy that held the large, complex molecule together is
temporarily transferred to ATP, the energy currency of the cell
...
)
c
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The energy of ATP can then be used to do cell work for whatever
the cell needs
2
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The important thing to remember about energy: once it has been used by
a cell to do work, it cannot be used again
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by any organism
Energy is linear
SUN -> EARTH -> PRODUCERS -> 1o CONSUMERS -> 2o CONSUMERS -> ETC
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Energy flows into ecosystems from the sun

b
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Much energy is lost (as low-grade heat) along the wayprimarily as a result of cell respiration of each organism



Food chains demonstrate the linear nature of energy:
a
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Primary consumers- plant eaters; also called herbivores

c
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Decomposers- obtain energy by breaking down remaining organic
material of the other members of the food chain
II
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These cycles are called biogeochemical cycles

2
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Carbon cycle
1
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Carbon enters the biosphere by way of plants
a
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Carbon moves through the food chain as one organism eats
another
3
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Both producers and consumers release CO2 during respiration

b
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The carbon cycle on land (a similar cycle exists in aquatic ecosystems)

B
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Nitrogen fixation- conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia
(NH3), which reacts with water to form ammonium (NH4+)
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a
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Some nitrogen is also fixed during thunder storms, volcanic

explosions, etc

c
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Nitrification- conversion of ammonium to nitrate (NO3-)
Performed by several species of nitrifying bacteria that live in the soil
▪ NH4+ --> NO3- (nitrate)
3
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Ammonification- the conversion of organic nitrogen (in animal wastes
and in dead organic matter) to ammonium (NH4+)
Performed by ammonifying bacteria in the soil
5
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Additional cycles included the oxygen cycle and the phosphorous cycle,
we will look at these another day

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