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Chemistry
Review

Definitions
Matter and Energy
Alloy​- a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion
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Atom​- the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element, consisting of a nucleus containing
combinations of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical attraction; the number of protons
determines the identity of the element
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Chemical Property​- a property or characteristic of a substance that is observed during a reaction in which the chemical composition
or identity of the substance is changed
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Compound​- substances that are made of two or more different elements chemically bonded to each other
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An element is composed of atoms
that have the same atomic number, that is, each atom has the same number of protons in its nucleus as all other atoms of that
element
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Exothermic​- noting or pertaining to a chemical change that is accompanied by a release of heat
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(no set ratio)
Homogeneous​- (of a mixture) composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind
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The valence of an ion is equal to the number of electrons lost or gained and is indicated
by a plus sign for cations and a minus sign for anions
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Matter​- anything that has mass and takes up space
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Metalloid​- an element whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid nonmetals
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Mixture​- a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically united and that exist in no fixed proportion to each other
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Periodic Table​- a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar
atomic structure appear in vertical columns
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Potential Energy​- the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge,
and other factors
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Solution​- a liquid mixture in which the solute(minor) is uniformly distributed within the solvent(major)
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Phases of Matter 
 

 
Avogadro’s Hypothesis​- two samples of gases of equal volume, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number
of molecules
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Boiling​- the action of bringing a liquid to the temperature at which it bubbles and turns to vapor
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Charles’ Law​- the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas, at constant pressure, is directly proportional to its temperature (Kelvin)
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Deposition​- a process where a gas changes phase and turns directly into the solid phase without passing through the liquid phase
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Evaporating​- to change from a liquid or solid state into vapor
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Gas​- an airlike fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available, regardless of its quantity
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Heat of Fusion​- The amount of heat required to convert a solid at its melting point into a liquid without an increase in temperature
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A gas
releases the same amount of heat when it becomes liquid
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Liquid​- a substance that flows freely but is of constant volume, having a consistency like that of water or oil
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Pressure​- the continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it
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Specific Hea​t- the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount (usually one
degree)
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Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium​- the tendency of a given chemical species to partition itself preferentially between liquid and vapor
phases
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It is equal to approximately 1
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Atomic Number​- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its
place in the periodic table
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Cation​- a positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis
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Excited State​- where atoms absorb energy causing them to move to higher energy levels for a short period of time then dropping
back down to lower energy levels
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Frequency​- the number of cycles or completed alternations per unit time of a wave or oscillation
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Isotope​- atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons and therefore have different
physical properties
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Kernal​- the remainder of an atom after the valence electrons have been removed
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Nuclear Charge​- the total charge of all the protons in the nucleus
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Nucleus​- the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass
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Photon​- a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation
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Proton​- a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an
electron, but of opposite sign
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Shell (Principle Energy Level, PEL)​- each of a set of orbitals around the nucleus of an atom, occupied or able to be occupied by
electrons of similar energies
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Sublevel​- A sublevel is an energy level defined by quantum theory
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Valence Electrons​- an electron of an atom, located in the outermost shell of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with
another atom
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Weight-Average Atomic Mass​- the sum of the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by its natural abundance(occurrence)
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They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides
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They are reactive, electropositive, divalent metals, and form basic oxides that react with water to form comparatively
insoluble hydroxides
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Brittle​- having hardness and rigidity but little tensile strength; breaking readily with a comparatively smooth fracture, as glass
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Ductile​- capable of being drawn out into wire or threads, as gold
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There are 18 groups on the periodic table
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They
are reactive nonmetallic elements that form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen, from which simple salts can be made
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Ionic Radius​- The radius exhibited by an ion in an ionic crystal where the ions are packed together to a point where their outermost
electronic orbitals are in contact with each other
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Malleable​- able to be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking
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They were long believed to be totally unreactive but compounds of xenon, krypton, and radon are now known
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There are 7 periods on the periodic table
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Matter and Energy
Classification of Matter

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Substances (Elements and Compounds) are ALL HOMOGENeOUS (containing the same composition of material
throughout the sample)
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Energy
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Absolute Zero​-​ the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a
substance
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Absolute Zero = 0 Kelvin = -273°C
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Kelvin = 273°C + X(Celsius)
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Celsius = X(Kelvin) - 273°C

Heat Flow
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Heat flows from where it’s HOT to where it’s NOT

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