Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

DEPARTMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AND DIPLOMACY

TOPIC
With Specific Examples, How has International Organizations Improved Co-Operation
In the Modern International System?*

*​To elucidate this assertion further, sub topics will be made available to enhance
understanding, viz​;

INTRODUCTION

●
●
●
●
●
●
●

IMPROVING COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
Cooperation through the World Bank group
International Finance Corporation
Cooperation through UN system
World Food Program
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
Cooperation through Other Major Organizations
Others
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
An international organization can be defined, following the International Law Commission, as
an 'organization established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law
and possessing its own international legal personality'
...
They both
make international law and are governed by it
...


In general international organizations are based on multilateral treaties between at least two
sovereign nation-states
...
IOs can either have a global or a regional character, with the latter in general
displaying a more centralized structure due to the limited number of regional state actors
available
...
IOs can either be open to new members or consist of a closed system
...

In some of the older literature IOs tend to be subdivided into political and apolitical
organizations, the former referring to military and political alliances to further the power of
their member states and the latter referring to organizations dealing with mere administrative
and technical issues
...


IMPROVING COOPERATION STRATEGIES

1
...
In fiscal
year 1986 of the World Bank (July 85 to June 86), the IBRD approved loans totaling about
$13,179 million and the IDA about $3,140 million with the bulk of them going to agricultural
and rural development, and electric projects
...
An agreement was reached
on the eighth replenishment of the IDA totaling about $12,400 million after negotiations
...

(c) From the viewpoints of coping with developing countries' accumulated debt problems in
an appropriate manner and contributing to the world through helping the global economy
develop on a stable basis, Japan reached basic agreement with the IBRD in December 1986
in addition to the conventional cooperation on the establishment of special funds for
recycling Japanese public and private funds in the amount of about $2 billion to developing
countries through the IBRD
...
2% to make Japan the second
largest capital subscriber as in the case of the IDA
...
7% of the total, a higher ratio than in the previous replenishment
...

(e) Special Facility for Sub-Saharan Africa
A decision was made in May 1985, on the establishment of Special Facility for sub-Saharan
Africa, which was proposed in the World Bank's August 1984 Joint Action Program for
sub-Saharan Africa to support efforts of the countries in the region to solve various difficult
problems
...
Japan has been cooperating with the Facility by contributing a total of \1,750
million in Special Joint Financing-\14,000 million in ODA loans and \3,500 million in grant
assistance-in fiscal 1985 and a total of \15,700 million also in Special Joint
Financing-\12,000 million in ODA loans and \3,700 million in grant to the Facility-in fiscal
year 1986
...


(2) International Finance Corporation (IFC)
(a) The IFC, an affiliate of the World Bank, was established in 1956 to foster productive
private enterprises of developing member countries and to contribute to their economic
development
...

(b) As a result of the second general capital increase in December 1985, its authorized
capital stock came to $1,300 million with Japan's capital subscription share standing at
4
...


(3) Cooperation through U
...
System

(1) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
(a) UNDP plays a central role in technical cooperation implemented by the U
...
system and
it carried out projects totaling $676
...
UNDP is implementing various
projects through U
...
specialized agencies
...
8 million to UNDP in 1986, keeping the position of the second
largest donor behind the United States
...

(2) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
(a) FAO, a U
...
agency specialized in food and agriculture, conducts various researches
and analyses, collects and relays information, and extends technical assistance to
developing countries
...
Furthermore, it regularly provided to
member countries information on food production and shortage situations, information
collected by its early warning system
...
67 million to FAO and a voluntary
contribution of about $3
...


(4) World Food Programme (WFP)
(a) WFP, established as a joint program by the United Nations and FAO contributes through
multilateral food assistance to the development of developing countries and undertakes
emergency food aid
...

(b) Japan made a contribution of $11
...

(c) Japan's food aid policies and programs were introduced at a meeting of the Committee
on Food Aid Policies and Programmes held in October 1986
...
N
...
It
collects information, conducts various researches and analyses, and extends technical
cooperation to developing countries
...
N
...
With the assumption of the post of Director-General Mr
...
Siazon Jr
...


(b) Japan made an assessed contribution of $6
...


(6) Cooperation through Other Major Organizations
(a) Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
CGIAR is an international forum established in 1971 for the promotion of agricultural
research in order to cope with agricultural development and food problems, which have been
major concerns for developing countries, from long-term and systematic standpoints
...
"
Among the members contributing to the CGIAR are 24 countries, including Japan, and 16
members of international organizations and foundations
...

(b) Asian Productivity Organization (APO)
The APO is an international organization established in 1961 to develop productivity of Asian
and Pacific nations
...

The APO is contributing to the development of productivity in the Asia-Pacific Region by
holding training courses, dispatching experts and receiving missions
...

(c) Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC)
SEAFDEC is an international organization established in 1967 for fisheries development in
South East Asia on the basis of a resolution of the Ministerial Conference for Economic
Development of Southeast Asia
...

Japan contributed about \250 million financially to the center and 11 of its experts were being
dispatched at the end of fiscal year 1986
...

It has nine divisions, such as Structural Engineering and Construction, Agricultural and Food
Engineering and Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering, which is now attended by
about 600 students from almost all over Asia
...


(7) Others
Furthermore, Japan is extending cooperation in the forms of financial cooperation and the
dispatch of experts to the Colombo Plan, the Southeast Asian Agency for Regional
Transport and Communications Development, whose secretariat is located in Malaysia, the
International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, and other organizations
...

His was a critique of liberal and constructivist scholarship on international organisations
...
Simply put, international
organisations cannot fulfil the many hopes invested in them
...
According to Mearsheimer and other
neo-realists, international institutions are epiphenomenal, by which they mean that the
United Nations, the International Monetary Fund or the European Union have no
independent effect on international outcomes
...
If we believe
Mearsheimer, international organisations are nothing more than arenas for acting out power
relationships among contending states
...


BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
...
International organisations J
...
Baldwin, David A
...
) Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate
...

4
...

(Basingstoke: Palgrave, [1977] 2002) third edition

---