Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Eukaryotic cells
Key features and facts
-

-

Eukaryotic cells have evolved ways to partition parts of the cell for different
purposes, these partitions are called organelles
...
For example, mitochondria
generates energy from food molecules
Each organelle is separated from the rest of the cellular space by a membrane, like
interior walls in a house
...

Sometimes moving to a particular place in the cell, sometimes merging with another
organelle and sometimes growing larger and smaller
...

The total area of the cells internal membranes exceeds that of the plasma
membrane
...

Although each organelle performs a specific function, all the organelles integrate
together to meet the overall needs of the cell

Research
-

-

Researchers use high resolution electron microscopy to take a snapshot of a cross
section of the cell
...

Because of the constant motion, video microscopic techniques can be used to see
the movement
...
The DNA is unique to the cell and will never leave the
nucleus
...
Once RNA is out of the nucleus and
in the cytoplasm it can be translated into proteins
...
The RNA from the nucleus is transported through the
ER before going to the cytoplasm
...
Then the
proteins pass through the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER) where it begins to be processed
...

Microtubules
these are like a scaffolding system in the cytoplasm
...
Microtubules are long hollow rods and are part of the cytoskeleton
...
Its part of
the cytoskeleton
...

Located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus in cells of most
animals
...

Comes from the latin word for ‘centre’
...


Golgi apparatus
this is a processing centre for molecules where other molecules (like sugar) are added
...
The golgi apparatus also produces lysosomes
...
The PH level is low
(acidic) which degrades proteins that are no
longer needed or are a danger to the cell
...


Mitochondria
this is where metabolism happens
...
They have two membranes, the inner membrane has folds
called cristae, this makes the surface area bigger
so that more chemical reactions can take place
...
They can also
reproduce using fission, similar to bacteria
...

Mitochondria function during aerobic respirations
and produce energy in the form of ATP
...
Like mitochondria,
chloroplasts have two membranes
...
Inside
this membrane, are stacks of disk shaped sacs called thylakoids
...
The light dependent reactions of
photosynthesis occur in the thylakoids
...


Plasma membrane
this is what separates the inside of the cell from the outside
...

Hydrophobic molecules can pass through the membrane
...


Vacuoles
these are spaces in the cell used to store materials used for energy production, such as
starch, fat or glycogen
...
Vacuoles can
transport materials around the cell using endocytosis
...
Vacuoles can take up to half of the
cells space
...
The flagellum is outside of the cell and is the
sensory organelle
...
They
are complex structures which lash back and forth outside of the cell
...
Flagella use a propeller type motion to move which is different to
cilia
...
Using ATP, the flagella move which can move the cell – e
...
sperm cells
...
Cilia are the same in structure as flagellum but are
shorter and there are more of them on the cell
...
Motile cilia constantly beat in a single direction
...
Non motile cilium are also referred to as primary cilia
...
Their purposes are absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion
and to convert mechanical stimulus to chemical activity (mechanotransduction)
...




---