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Title: American Full 1800s Facts/Events Timeline
Description: Clear, concise, dated timeline of American westward expansion including in-depth factual evidence. Focuses on Westward Expansion/The Civil War/Causes of Sectional Tension/Native Americans/Developments of technology or transport/Key Elections/Wars/Success and Failure- CONCISE CHRONOLOGICAL TIMELINE EXPLAINED
Description: Clear, concise, dated timeline of American westward expansion including in-depth factual evidence. Focuses on Westward Expansion/The Civil War/Causes of Sectional Tension/Native Americans/Developments of technology or transport/Key Elections/Wars/Success and Failure- CONCISE CHRONOLOGICAL TIMELINE EXPLAINED
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America: Civil War & Western Expansion
The American Dream
● Early Cent
...
American Democracy & Political System
● 1820’s: Almost all adult/white/males had right however blacks and woman
● Andrew Jackson (president)
○ Self made man from Tennessee
○ Successful soldier
○ Slave owning- landing owner
● Political System
○ 1787- Constitution drawn up Founding Fathers
■ Power to be divided State and Federal control
○ Congress (Legislative)
■ Make Laws
■ Powers of the purse
■ Checks President
○ Senate & House of Representatives
■ Both houses must agree on law for it be carried out
○ President
■ Elected every 4 years
■ Head of state
○ Supreme Court
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
■ Highest court in the land
■ Nine Supreme court judges are elected by the President
To apply for statehood a state you must have population of 60,000
● Democrats & Whigs- two main political parties
○ These were not national parties- they only came together once every four years to elect a president
○ Democrats:
■ Thought most decided at state level
■ Though that tariffs were US would be able to expand westwards
○ Whigs:
■ Favoured government intervention in
■ Supported higher tariffs
■ Supported Abolition of Slavery
Political Involvement
● Both parties put forward platforms that avoided controversy
● Most americans committed to one party or the other
● Limited government
○ Unusual for one party to control congress representatives and supreme court
○ State legislation had more impact than federal legislation
The Accepted View of Slavery Workings throughout the century
● Slave owners had unlimited power over their property
● Therefore slaves could be sold away from their families
● Sexual abuse & killing was common
● Worked extorant hours when compared to normal americans
● It was illegal for slaves to be taught to read/write
● Manumission of slaves was rare
● Impact of Slavery on Southern Economy:
○ Massively boosted economy
○ Made plantations viable
○ Super Efficient
Economics
● Industrialisation
○ Mirrored Britain’s industrial revolution
○ Important technological developments in textiles, coal, iron and steel
○ Use of steam power increasing
○ New machines introduced and constantly being improved
● Agriculture
○ Most Americans farmers
○ Small family farms characterised the American Dream everywhere
○ Some development of scientific techniques
Sectional Fundamental Differences
● Agrarian South
○ Related to Land and Farming
■ Southerners grew TOBACCO, SUGAR, COTTON
■ Mid 19th century cotton produce made up at least half of US export
■ Prosperous and Enterprising
■ Planters made up >5% of southern population
● Owned best land and most slaves
● More likely to be involved in politics
● Egalitarian North
○ Society in which people are Equal
■ Northerners were typically self sufficient farmers
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
■ 1860 - 10% northerners owned 68% of wealth
Manifest Destiny
● Termed coined by journalist John Sullivan- he claimed it was man’s god given right to expand western America
1803 - Louisiana Purchase
● Monroe sent by Jefferson to smaller portion of land for $10mil
● Napoleon sold USA whole of Louisiana for $15mil - less than 3 cents per acre - 828,000 square miles
● Doubled US territory, but too much of their annual budget so embarrassing
1805 - First explorers sent west
● Lieutenant Pike / the Lewis & Clark expedition gave first real insight into what was in the west
1806- Cumberland Road
● Replaced the small paths between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers
1807 - 1st Steamboat invented
● ‘Clermont’
● Easily allowed goods to be transported
1810 - Florida Intervention
● Wanted to take Florida from Spain
● Wanted as could be a source of attack/threat
● Southerners concerned it was an escape route for slaves
● US claimed it was part of Louisiana purchase-It wasn't
1810 - 1/7 americans lived west of the mountains
1812- Tecumseh's Confederacy was a confederation of Native Americans goes to War with Americans and are defeated
1812 - Start of War with Britain
● Because Britain had seized american ships trading with Napoleon
1814 - Treaty of Ghent 1814 with Britain
● USA won!
1816 - 100 miles of canal
1817 - Start building Erie Canal
● Canal going from Albany to Buffalo
1817 - Florida Intervention continued
● John Quincy Adams starts negotiations with Spain over Florida
● Meanwhile General Jackson started war with Seminoles (Natives of Florida) - Cheeky bugger
1819 - Adams-Onis Treaty - Florida Intervention Resolution
● Florida now new US territory
1820 - Missouri Compromise
● Missouri applied to Union to enter as a slave state
○ Would’ve tipped the balance of Slave-Free states
● Compromise Reached
○ New Free state Maine also created
○ No slavery above 36 - 30
○ Eased sectional tension
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
1820 - 1 in 10 people live in towns
1825 - Finished building Erie Canal
● Freight Charges dropped significantly
○ Economic success
● Travel time dropped from 20 days to 8
● Within 9 years it made back the money it cost
● Started Canal boom
Late 20s - Calhoun Doctrine developed
● Calhoun - Southern politician deems
○ Any state has the right to overall/nullify a federal law if it is deemed unconstitutional
1829- Mexico Pass Anti-America Legislation
● They free all slaves
● Prohibit any further American immigration
...
● They were forced to move when only 2,000 of 15,000 moved voluntarily
● 1838: The rest were forcibly evacuated
,,
1835- 1842: Seminole War
● The Seminole resist removal from Florida
● After the war only 3,000
● They waged war costing the Americans $50 million 1500 million
1836 - Battle of Alamo
● Texans declare independence so General Santa Anna of Mexico killed 187 Texans
● Jackson Sympathised but sent no official help
1836 - Battle of San Jacinto
● In retaliation to Battle of Alamo, many Americans go to Texas to help - not an army, more a militia
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
● Santa Anna captured and forced to recognise Texan Independence
1836 - Gag Rule
● Gag rule put on the discussion of slavery in congress
1840
● 3326 miles of Canals
● 3328 miles of railroad - took better paths than canal - by the late 1830s investment into railroads exceeded canals
● ½ americans live west of the mountains
Population Growth Doubling every 25 years
● 1840 -17 million
● 1860 - 31 million
● More children born and Americans lived longer than any other nation
● Huge immigration from Ireland and Germany
Agriculture
● Most Americans were farmers
● 1840-60 food production increased four fold
● Increase in fertilization and machinery
1844 - Polk elected on basis of annexation of Texas and Oregon
● These territories belong to Mexico and Britain
1845 - Texas Joining the Union
● Was an issue as Texas was big enough to join the Union as 5 separate slave states
○
upsets balance Free-Pro
● Jackson and Van Buren ignore issue
● Polk deals with it and Texas is admitted as a single Slave State in 1845
1845 - Manifest Destiny
● John O’Sullivan : US right to control whole of North American continent
● Many Americans saw it as Slave Power Conspiracy
1846-48 - Mexican War
● Polk declared war on Mexico after border dispute
○ 16 Americans killed or wounded
● Mexican forces poorly lead & equipped
● US advantage:
○ Superior artillery
○ Officers trained at West Point
○ Naval supremacy
The Mexican War Itself
● 1846: Colon Kearney marches into Santa Fe- declares annexation of New Mexico
● He marches to California- settlers declared independence from Mexico- this was helped by Fremont & Navel Squadron
US War Heroes
● General Zachary Taylor
○ Won victories over Santa Anna in 1846
...
Winfield Scott
○ Scott 11,000 marched 260 miles captured Mexico City in Sept 1847
● Results of the Mexican War
○ Cost to American
■ $100 million
■ 13,000 dead soldiers
● 2,000
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
○
● 11,000 disease
Cost to Mexicans
■ 25,000 troops dead
●
February 1848- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
○ California & New Mexico ceded to USA in exchange for $15 mill Mexicans
○ These states = ⅖ of USA’s present land
○ Southerners saw dizzying prospects of new slave states
○ Polk reluctantly signed
1846- Wilmot Proviso
● Amendment to a finance bill by David Wilmot stating that Slavery should be excluded from any land gained from Mexico
...
● The South stopped it from joining the union for this reason, disrupting the balance of sectional tension
● Douglas used this as an attempt to better his presidential candidacy
● The Kansas Nebraska Bill Itself:
○ Repealed the Missouri Compromise and introduced popular sovereignty instead
■ Settlers not congress should decide whether it should be slave or free
○ Good for south
○ Divided Nebraska into two: Nebraska & Kansas
○ Little chance of Slavery in Nebraska as climate was too cold
● Fueled Slave power conspiracy - failure for Douglas
● Set up two Governments
○ LeCompton
■ Pro Slavery, Official
○ Topeka
■ Free State, Unofficial
■ Divided over extremity of beliefs
1854 - Whigs end/Republicans form
● Confrontation in party, split along the Pro-Anti slavery line in 1852, the anti-slavery group being enough to reject Fillmore running for presidential candidate
● Republicans form made up of Ex Whigs
1855 - Kansas Election
● Elections under popular sovereignty to decide on Kansas as Free State or Slave State
● Pro Slave people from neighbouring Missouri sent hundreds of people over to vote in Kansas
○ Would have won the election anyway but the gesture caused huge conflict - Slave power conspiracy
1855 - American Party
● Main Democratic party in North and South during this time
● To become a National party they would have to drop the Anti-Slavery platform
● As a result they lose Northern support
● Decline in immigration lead to decline in Nativism - a fundamental policy of the party
● Events in Congress also weakened the American Party
1856 - Bleeding Kansas/problem of Kansas
● Pro-Slavery posse ‘sack’ town of Lawrence
○ Trying to arrest Free-State leaders
○ Magnified out of proportion by Northern Papers
■ According to first reports 12 free-staters were killed - in fact none
● This sparked more violence
○ John brown and his sons murdered five pro-slavery people in cold blood
○ Northern Newspapers made it seem like it had been a righteous act
○ He became a Northern hero overnight
● President Pierce appointed a new governor John Geary who managed to form a truce between two sides
● Geary managed to restore order
○ It was obvious however that majority of Kansas was Free-staters
● 1857 - Geary resigns and Buchanan appoints new governor
○ Southern Politician Robert Walker
○ Walker made sure that they would have to enter elections fairly
■ It was clear that Kansas would have to enter the union as a free state
● 1857 - ELECTIONS 2 - new set of fair elections
○ All the anti-slave voters thought the pro-slavery people would rig elections again
○ Only 2200/9000 voted
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
Thus pro-slaves won all the seats and the election
1856 - Bleeding Sumner
● Senator Sumner(North) gave speech attacking Senator Butler(South)
● In retaliation Senator Brooks beat Sumner repeatedly and shattered his cane
● North saw Sumner as a martyr, and they thought this was major evidence of Slave power conspiracy
● South saw brooks as a Hero and sent him new canes
1856- Election
● American Party held conference- selected ex-President Fillmore as candidate
○ Mistake as he pro-south leanings (signed Reform Fugitive Slave Ac)
● Republicans: John C
...
○ South: Buchanan vs Fillmore
...
3%
...
○ The Democrats has seen of Filmore
○ However Republicans ‘trounced’ big victory of ‘Know Nothing’
■ The election showed that Northerners feared slave Power more than religion
○ Close second for Republicans- they were opportunistic of future 1860
...
)
1858: Pikes Peak, Colorado- Gold Rush
○ 50,000 emigrated there that year
1859: Comstock Lode- USA biggest gold and Silver deposit discovered
Funds Union's War effort
Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railroad had been previously rejected by the Southern members of Congress- no longer a problem after cussession
...
● Was made less used after the invention of the telegraph in 1861
Election of 1860
North was Lincoln vs Douglas
●
● Republicans - Abraham Lincoln:
○ Born in low-socioeconomic position - log cabin - therefore represented American dream
○ He was a loyal Whig and joined the House of Representatives in 1846
...
● 1850: ⅓ of white southern families owned a slave
● 1860: had dropped 1/4
● 1860: Over ½ of slave owners owned more than 5 slaves
● 55% of slaves worked in cotton production
● 10% worked in industry
● However by 1860: 250,000 black people were free in the south
...
Few legal rights, no vote
b
...
Had to gain documentation for freedom
● By 1860: three northern states allowed blacks to vote
Cession
10th November 1860- South Carolina called for elections in for/against secession
● This created chain reaction throughout
20th December- South Carolina succeeds from Union with 169 votes for to 0 against
● Southern committed themselves to individuals action- although it was clear that joint action was needed
● Meeting between southern Congressmen
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
South Carolina
● Sent commissioners to the other southern states: to propose a meeting in Alabama, Feb 1961, to create a new government
Winter of 1861 - elections took place over the all the southern section of the USA to decide on elections for the rest of delegates to decide on succession
...
Chronology of Session- 1861
● 9th Jan- Mississippi convention vote to secede 85 to 15 votes
● 10th Jan- Florida convention vote to secede 62- 7
● 11 Jan- Alabama convention vote to secede 61- 37
● 19th Jan- Georgia convention vote to secede 208-89
● 26th Jan- Louisiana convention vote to secede 113-17
● 1st Feb Texas convention vote to secede 166-8
THE CIVIL WAR: INEVITABLE NORTHERN VICTORY
Overview -
Banking
● Confederates - Planters buy their regiments equipment
○ Women:
■ feed poor
■ Make uniforms and flags
● Union - Tarrifs are main source of income
● Inflation over the war
○ Union - 80%
○ Confederates - 5000%
Northern Advantages
● North is industrialised
● North has 5 times the population with 22 million people vs 5
...
● Confederates had to build all their ships as Union owned got all the US ships when they split
Lincoln during the war
● 1864 - Massively unpopular but has to campaign
● Suspends habeas corpus
○ 40,000 people arrested on grudges
● Devious and inexperienced
○ Used charm to dominate
● Used patronage system
● Biggest concern during war is Military and Race
● Very unpopular
● Democrats view of him
○ Dislike hs War handling
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
○
○
○
Disagree with him economic policy
Dislike his attributes
Don't want an end to slavery
Why Britain did not get involved during the war
● Memory of Crimean War and War of Independence
● Possibility of losing Canada
● Northern Trade Markets might be lost
○ Recognise Blockade
○ Refuse Confederate Ships being fitted out in british ports
Southern Advantages
● Sheer Country size
○ Occupation
○ Geographical differences
■ Vicksburg
■ Richmond
● Purpose of fighting
○ For themselves
○ Moral
● Defensive war of attrition
Southern Disadvantages
● Workforce increasingly put into armed force and economy going to shit
● Government needed to be built from scratch
○ Federalism
○ Costs
■ Taxes
■ Tariffs
○ First to conscript in 1862
■ 40% of those who can fight do
○ Chaotic mass of political views
● Only 9 million in south
● Mass hyperinflation as government print off more money - 5000% from 1861-65
○ Impressment Act - ‘Taxation-in-Kind’ - 10% of what you produce given to army
Confederate Search for international help
○ Wanted Britain to recognise them - Big with the cotton trade
○ Produced 4 million bales annually during peacetime
■ Went to 300,000 during war
○ Britain did not help even though north took 13 colonies of them previously
1861- Morrill Land Grant
● Provided land grant acts to build agricultural colleges- although they initially they struggled, eventually they prospered providing new Farmers with vital information
...
1862 - Confederates introduce Conscription
● First to do so
● 40% of men in south who can fight do so
● 900,000 men mobilised
○ Women take over roles
○ Harder longer work but receive less
● Forces people to make choice - either for or against confederates
○ In Alabama there were armed bandits avoiding conscription
○ East Tennessee also refuse
○ Between the two they give 90,000 troops to union
1862 - Laird Rams
● Two ships the British were building for the Confederates
○ Ironclads
● Union threaten to go to war with Britain sell the ships
○ Britain do it anyway
1862 April - Shiloh
● Union forces 40,000
● Johnson surprise attack on Union forces forcing them to flee
● Johnson dies and is replaced by Beauregard
● Grant gets reinforcement, confederate forces retreat
1862 August - 2nd Manassas
● Union General Pope around Washington
○ Went to advance to Richmond
● Lee heads North with 55,000 troops
○ 25000 of them lead by Jackson
● Confederates attack Pope’s Rear
● Union Catastrophe - Pope defeated when Longstreet attacks his flanks
● Mclelland reappointed over Pope
● Confederate 9000 casualties
Mediation
● After 2nd manassas Napoleon III suggests Britain and France get involved
● British PM says no
● Trade ships with Confederates
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
○
○
The Alabama sinks 64 Union ships
200 ships are sunk by these British ships
1862 Sept - Antietam
● Lee moves to Maryland to protect Virginian harvest from invasion from the North
● McClelland forces him back to the Potomac river
○ Outnumbers Lee massively but hesitates giving Jackson time to reinforce Lee
● Partial Victories for Union
● Lee able to withdraw and escape
● Confederate casualties 11000 ; Union 12000
● Bloodiest single day battle
1863- Emancipation Proclamation
●
Lincoln Proclaimed the freedom of Slaves- calling it an act of justice
● Fantastic move because it meant that Slaves in South would revolt
● The 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865
● This policy was based more on pragmatism than morality- motivating a moral campaign against the south
1862 - Legal Tender Act
● Union introduce ‘Greenbacks’ paper currency
○ Restores confidence - $500 generated in bonds
1862- The Pacific Railroad Act
● The cession of the confederacy meant that there was no longer opposition to Transcontinental Railroad
...
● Both companies were given massive land grant
...
Having so much land they attempted to attract settlers using various tactics, such as long terms
loans and temporary accommodation
● However the offer of 160 acres was insufficient for profitable farming
...
Fremont created his own political party - Radical Democrats - threatens republicans
● Republican policy endorsed unconditional surrender from south and a constitutional amendment for the end of slavery
● In September ‘64 the war went in Lincoln's favour
○ Farragut won important naval victory at Mobile
○ Atlanta fell
○ Sheridan won in the Shenandoah
● Fremont withdrew from race
○ Now race between Lincoln and Mclellan
Election Results
● Lincoln wins 55% vote so stays president
● Republicans increase majorities in both Houses of Congress
● Lincoln received a lot of backing from union troops
○ Surprising as they hadn't been doing well
● War Dept
...
5 million Ibs of fodder
● Georgia crumbles - Confederates can't protect their people
1864 May - Atlanta Campaign
● Union Sherman leads 100,000 to Atlanta
● Confederate Johnson 70,000 men who retreat
● July - Union reach outskirts of Atlanta
● Sherman replaced with John Bell Head
● Attacks Union lines, Conf lose 20,000 men
○ Confederates abandon Atlanta
1864 - The Sand Creek Massacre
● Cheyenne and Apache chiefs agree to move west but many tribesmen disagree so protest by raiding mining camps
○ Braves
● The territorial government persuaded them to come to Fort Lyon, Sand Creek for Negotiations
○ Promised protection
● Militia lead by Colonel Chivington arrive
○ ‘Kill and scalp all, big and little’
○ Women and Children alike
● 450 Indians killed
● Chivington displayed 100 scalps in Denver
● 1865 - Cheyenna Survivors surrendered unconditionally and gave up the Sand Creek Lands
America: Civil War & Western Expansion
1864 May 5-7th Wilderness Campaign
● Union 124,000 troops - General Grant
● Confederate 60,000 troops - General Lee
● Casualties -Union/17000 ; Conf/11000
● 2 major Aspects - Conf
...
The Indian War
● Plain Indians
○ 1860 there were 250,000
○ Nomadic lifestyle (follow Bison around)- this gave them food, shelter, clothing
■ 1865 - 13 million Bison
■ 1883 - 200 Bison
■ This is a result of Killing for sport/ to deny natives their sustenance/Feed railway workers
● ‘Buffalo Bill’
1851 - meeting at Horse Creek & Fort Laramie defined hunting boundaries
● This policy was designed so the government could negotiate with each tribe
● 1860 Kansas & Nebraska was free of Indians- pushed out by Americans
● The Bureau of Indian Affairs- many employed by them were corrupt
1873- Timber Culture Act
● Another 160 acres would be allocated if they recipients promised plant ¼ of it with trees
1877- Desert Land Act
● 640 acres of land for $1
Title: American Full 1800s Facts/Events Timeline
Description: Clear, concise, dated timeline of American westward expansion including in-depth factual evidence. Focuses on Westward Expansion/The Civil War/Causes of Sectional Tension/Native Americans/Developments of technology or transport/Key Elections/Wars/Success and Failure- CONCISE CHRONOLOGICAL TIMELINE EXPLAINED
Description: Clear, concise, dated timeline of American westward expansion including in-depth factual evidence. Focuses on Westward Expansion/The Civil War/Causes of Sectional Tension/Native Americans/Developments of technology or transport/Key Elections/Wars/Success and Failure- CONCISE CHRONOLOGICAL TIMELINE EXPLAINED