Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
The American Dream  
● Early Cent
...
   
 
American Democracy & Political System  
● 1820’s: ​Almost all adult/white/males had right however blacks and woman 
● Andrew Jackson (president) 
○ Self made man from Tennessee 
○ Successful soldier 
○ Slave owning- landing owner  
● Political System  
○ 1787-​ Constitution drawn up Founding Fathers 
■ Power to be divided State and Federal control  
○ Congress​ (Legislative)  
■ Make Laws 
■ Powers of the purse 
■ Checks President 
○ Senate & House of Representatives  
■ Both houses must agree on law for it be carried out  
○ President  
■ Elected every 4 years 
■ Head of state 
○ Supreme Court 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
■ Highest court in the land  
■ Nine Supreme court judges are elected by the President 
To apply for statehood a state you must have population of 60,000 
 
● Democrats & Whigs​- two main political parties   
○ These were not national parties- they only came together once every four years to elect a president 
○ Democrats:  
■ Thought most decided at state level  
■ Though that tariffs were US would be able to expand westwards  
○ Whigs: 
■ Favoured government intervention in 
■ Supported higher tariffs 
■ Supported Abolition of Slavery   
 
Political Involvement 
● Both parties put forward platforms that avoided controversy 
● Most americans committed to one party or the other 
● Limited government 
○ Unusual for one party to control congress representatives and supreme court 
○ State legislation had more impact than federal legislation 
 
The Accepted View of Slavery Workings throughout the century 
● Slave owners had unlimited power over their property  
● Therefore slaves could be sold away from their families 
● Sexual abuse & killing was common  
● Worked extorant hours when compared to normal americans  
● It was illegal for slaves to be taught to read/write 
● Manumission of slaves was rare 
● Impact of Slavery on Southern Economy: 
○ Massively boosted economy 
○ Made plantations viable 
○ Super Efficient 
 
Economics 
● Industrialisation 
○ Mirrored Britain’s industrial revolution 
○ Important technological developments in textiles, coal, iron and steel 
○ Use of steam power increasing 
○ New machines introduced and constantly being improved 
● Agriculture 
○ Most Americans farmers 
○ Small family farms characterised the American Dream everywhere 
○ Some development of scientific techniques 
 
Sectional Fundamental Differences  
● Agrarian South 
○ Related to Land and Farming 
■ Southerners grew TOBACCO, SUGAR, COTTON 
■ Mid 19th century cotton produce made up at least half of US export 
■ Prosperous and Enterprising 
■ Planters made up >5% of southern population 
● Owned best land and most slaves 
● More likely to be involved in politics 
● Egalitarian North 
○ Society in which people are Equal 
■ Northerners were typically self sufficient farmers 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
■ 1860 - 10% northerners owned 68% of wealth 
 
Manifest Destiny 
● Termed coined by journalist John Sullivan- he claimed it was man’s god given right to expand western America    
 
1803 - ​Louisiana Purchase 
● Monroe sent by Jefferson to smaller portion of land for $10mil 
● Napoleon sold USA whole of Louisiana for $15mil - less than 3 cents per acre - 828,000 square miles 
● Doubled US territory, but too much of their annual budget so embarrassing 
 
1805 - ​First explorers sent west 
● Lieutenant Pike / the Lewis & Clark expedition gave first real insight into what was in the west 
 
1806- Cumberland Road  
● Replaced the small paths between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers 
 
1807​ - 1st Steamboat invented 
● ‘Clermont’ 
● Easily allowed goods to be transported 
 
1810 - ​Florida Intervention 
● Wanted to take Florida from Spain 
● Wanted as could be a source of attack/threat 
● Southerners concerned it was an escape route for slaves 
● US claimed it was part of Louisiana purchase-It wasn't 
 
1810 - ​1/7 americans lived west of the mountains 
 
1812-​ Tecumseh's Confederacy was a confederation of Native Americans goes to War with Americans and are defeated 
 
1812​ - Start of War with Britain  
● Because Britain had seized american ships trading with Napoleon 
 
1814​ - Treaty of Ghent 1814 with Britain 
● USA won! 
 
1816​ - 100 miles of canal 
 
1817​ - Start building Erie Canal  
● Canal going from Albany to Buffalo 
 
1817​ - Florida Intervention continued 
● John Quincy Adams starts negotiations with Spain over Florida 
● Meanwhile General Jackson started war with Seminoles (Natives of Florida) - Cheeky bugger 
 
1819​ - Adams-Onis Treaty - Florida Intervention Resolution 
● Florida now new US territory 
 
1820​ - Missouri Compromise 
● Missouri applied to Union to enter as a slave state 
○ Would’ve tipped the balance of Slave-Free states 
● Compromise Reached 
○ New Free state Maine also created  
○ No slavery above 36 - 30 
○ Eased sectional tension 
 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
1820​ - 1 in 10 people live in towns 
 
1825​ - Finished building Erie Canal 
● Freight Charges dropped significantly 
○ Economic success 
● Travel time dropped from 20 days to 8 
● Within 9 years it made back the money it cost 
● Started Canal boom 
 
Late 20s - Calhoun Doctrine developed 
● Calhoun - Southern politician deems 
○ Any state has the right to overall/nullify a federal law if it is deemed unconstitutional 
 
1829- Mexico Pass Anti-America Legislation  
● They free all slaves  
● Prohibit any further American immigration
...
 
● They were forced to move when only 2,000 of 15,000 moved voluntarily  
● 1838: The rest were forcibly evacuated  
 
,, 
1835- 1842: Seminole War 
● The Seminole resist removal from Florida 
● After the war only 3,000  
● They waged war costing the Americans $50 million 1500 million 
 
1836 - Battle of Alamo 
● Texans declare independence so General Santa Anna of Mexico killed 187 Texans 
● Jackson Sympathised but sent no official help 
 
1836 - Battle of San Jacinto 
● In retaliation to Battle of Alamo, many Americans go to Texas to help - not an army, more a militia 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
● Santa Anna captured and forced to recognise Texan Independence 
  
1836 - Gag Rule 
● Gag rule put on the discussion of slavery in congress 
 
1840  
● 3326 miles of Canals 
● 3328 miles of railroad - took better paths than canal - by the late 1830s investment into railroads exceeded canals 
● ½ americans live west of the mountains 
 
Population Growth​ Doubling every 25 years 
● 1840​ -17 million 
● 1860​ - 31 million 
● More children born and Americans lived longer than any other nation 
● Huge immigration from Ireland and Germany 
 
Agriculture 
● Most Americans were farmers 
● 1840-60 food production increased four fold 
● Increase in fertilization and machinery 
 
1844​ - Polk elected on basis of annexation of Texas and Oregon 
● These territories belong to Mexico and Britain 
 
1845​ - Texas Joining the Union 
● Was an issue as Texas was big enough to join the Union as 5 separate slave states  
○
upsets balance Free-Pro 
● Jackson and Van Buren ignore issue 
● Polk deals with it and Texas is admitted as a single Slave State in 1845 
 
1845​ - Manifest Destiny 
● John O’Sullivan : US right to control whole of North American continent 
● Many Americans saw it as Slave Power Conspiracy 
 
1846-48​ - ​Mexican War 
● Polk declared war on Mexico after border dispute 
○ 16 Americans killed or wounded 
● Mexican forces poorly lead & equipped 
● US advantage: 
○ Superior artillery 
○ Officers trained at West Point 
○ Naval supremacy 
The Mexican War Itself 
● 1846: ​Colon Kearney marches into Santa Fe- declares annexation of New Mexico 
● He marches to California- settlers declared independence from Mexico- this was helped by Fremont & Navel Squadron  
US War Heroes  
● General Zachary Taylor  
○ Won victories over Santa Anna in 1846
...
Winfield Scott  
○ Scott 11,000 marched 260 miles captured Mexico City in Sept 1847  
● Results of the Mexican War 
○ Cost to American  
■ $100 million 
■ 13,000 dead soldiers 
● 2,000  

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  

○

● 11,000 disease  
Cost to Mexicans  
■ 25,000 troops dead  

 
●

February 1848- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  
○ California​ ​& New Mexico ceded to USA in exchange for $15 mill Mexicans 
○ These states = ⅖ of USA’s present land 
○ Southerners saw dizzying prospects of new slave states 
○ Polk reluctantly signed  

 
1846- Wilmot Proviso  
● Amendment to a finance bill by David Wilmot stating that Slavery should be excluded from any land gained from Mexico
...
  
● The South stopped it from joining the union for this reason, disrupting the balance of sectional tension 
● Douglas used this as an attempt to better his presidential candidacy 
● The Kansas Nebraska Bill Itself:  
○ Repealed the Missouri Compromise and introduced popular sovereignty instead 
■ Settlers not congress should decide whether it should be slave or free 
○ Good for south 
○ Divided Nebraska into two: Nebraska & Kansas 
○ Little chance of Slavery in Nebraska as climate was too cold  
● Fueled Slave power conspiracy - failure for Douglas 
● Set up two Governments 
○ LeCompton 
■ Pro Slavery, Official 
○ Topeka 
■ Free State, Unofficial 
■ Divided over extremity of beliefs 
 
1854 - Whigs end/Republicans form 
● Confrontation in party, split along the Pro-Anti slavery line in 1852, the anti-slavery group being enough to reject Fillmore running for presidential candidate 
● Republicans form made up of Ex Whigs 
 
1855 - Kansas Election 
● Elections under popular sovereignty to decide on Kansas as Free State or Slave State 
● Pro Slave people from neighbouring Missouri sent hundreds of people over to vote in Kansas  
○ Would have won the election anyway but the gesture caused huge conflict - Slave power conspiracy 
 
1855 - American Party 
● Main Democratic party in North and South during this time 
● To become a National party they would have to drop the Anti-Slavery platform 
● As a result they lose Northern support 
● Decline in immigration lead to decline in Nativism - a fundamental policy of the party 
● Events in Congress also weakened the American Party 
 
 
1856 - Bleeding Kansas/problem of Kansas 
● Pro-Slavery posse ‘sack’ town of Lawrence 
○ Trying to arrest Free-State leaders 
○ Magnified out of proportion by Northern Papers 
■ According to first reports 12 free-staters were killed - in fact none 
● This sparked more violence 
○ John brown and his sons murdered five pro-slavery people in cold blood 
○ Northern Newspapers made it seem like it had been a righteous act 
○ He became a Northern hero overnight 
● President Pierce appointed a new governor John Geary who managed to form a truce between two sides 
● Geary managed to restore order 
○ It was obvious however that majority of Kansas was Free-staters 
● 1857 - Geary resigns and Buchanan appoints new governor 
○ Southern Politician Robert Walker 
○ Walker made sure that they would have to enter elections fairly 
■ It was clear that Kansas would have to enter the union as a free state 
● 1857 - ELECTIONS 2 - new set of fair elections 
○ All the anti-slave voters thought the pro-slavery people would rig elections again 
○ Only 2200/9000 voted 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
Thus pro-slaves won all the seats and the election 
 
1856 - Bleeding Sumner 
● Senator Sumner(North) gave speech attacking Senator Butler(South) 
● In retaliation Senator Brooks beat Sumner repeatedly and shattered his cane 
● North saw Sumner as a martyr, and they thought this was major evidence of Slave power conspiracy 
● South saw brooks as a Hero and sent him new canes 
 
1856- Election  
● American Party​ held conference- selected ex-President Fillmore as candidate  
○ Mistake as he pro-south leanings (signed Reform Fugitive Slave Ac) 
● Republicans​: John C
...
  
○ South: Buchanan vs Fillmore
...
3%
...
  
○ The Democrats has seen of Filmore  
○ However Republicans ‘trounced’ big victory of ‘Know Nothing’ 
■ The election showed that Northerners feared slave Power more than religion  
○ Close second for Republicans- they were opportunistic of future 1860
...
) 
1858: Pikes Peak, Colorado- Gold Rush  
○ 50,000 emigrated there that year  
1859: ​Comstock Lode- USA biggest gold and Silver deposit discovered  
Funds Union's War effort  
Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railroad had been previously rejected by the Southern members of Congress- no longer a problem after cussession
...
  
● Was made less used after the invention of the telegraph in 1861 
 
Election of 1860   
North was Lincoln vs Douglas 
●  
● Republicans - Abraham Lincoln:  
○ Born in low-socioeconomic position - log cabin - therefore represented American dream 
○ He was a loyal Whig and joined the House of Representatives in 1846
...
 
● 1850: ​⅓ of white southern families owned a slave 
● 1860: ​had dropped 1/4  
● 1860: ​Over ½ of slave owners owned more than 5 slaves 
● 55% of slaves worked in cotton production  
● 10% worked in industry 
● However by ​1860​: 250,000 black people were free in the south
...
Few legal rights, no vote  
b
...
Had to gain documentation for freedom  
● By ​1860​: three northern states allowed blacks to vote 
 
Cession  
10th November 1860- ​South Carolina called for elections in for/against secession 
● This created chain reaction throughout  
20th​ ​December​- South Carolina succeeds from Union with 169 votes for to 0 against 
● Southern committed themselves to individuals action- although it was clear that joint action was needed 
● Meeting between southern Congressmen  

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
South Carolina 
● Sent commissioners to the other southern states: to propose a meeting in Alabama, Feb 1961, to create a new government 
Winter of 1861 - ​elections took place over the all the southern section of the USA to decide on elections for the rest of delegates to decide on succession
...
  
 
Chronology of Session- 1861   
● 9th Jan- Mississippi convention vote to secede 85 to 15 votes 
● 10th Jan- Florida convention vote to secede 62- 7   
● 11 Jan- Alabama convention vote to secede 61- 37 
● 19th Jan- Georgia convention vote to secede 208-89 
● 26th Jan- Louisiana convention vote to secede 113-17 
● 1st Feb Texas convention vote to secede 166-8   
 

THE CIVIL WAR: INEVITABLE NORTHERN VICTORY 
 
Overview -  
 
Banking 
● Confederates - Planters buy their regiments equipment 
○ Women: 
■ feed poor 
■ Make uniforms and flags 
● Union - Tarrifs are main source of income 
● Inflation over the war 
○ Union - 80% 
○ Confederates - 5000% 
 
Northern Advantages 
● North is industrialised  
● North has 5 times the population with 22 million people vs 5
...
  
● Confederates had to build all their ships as Union owned got all the US ships when they split 
Lincoln during the war 
● 1864 - Massively unpopular but has to campaign 
● Suspends habeas corpus 
○ 40,000 people arrested on grudges 
● Devious and inexperienced  
○ Used charm to dominate 
● Used patronage system 
● Biggest concern during war is Military and Race 
● Very unpopular 
● Democrats view of him 
○ Dislike hs War handling 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
○
○
○

Disagree with him economic policy 
Dislike his attributes 
Don't want an end to slavery 

 
Why Britain did not get involved during the war 
● Memory of Crimean War and War of Independence 
● Possibility of losing Canada 
● Northern Trade Markets might be lost 
○ Recognise Blockade 
○ Refuse Confederate Ships being fitted out in british ports 
 
Southern Advantages 
● Sheer Country size 
○ Occupation  
○ Geographical differences 
■ Vicksburg 
■ Richmond 
● Purpose of fighting 
○ For themselves 
○ Moral 
● Defensive war of attrition 
Southern Disadvantages 
● Workforce increasingly put into armed force and economy going to shit 
● Government needed to be built from scratch 
○ Federalism 
○ Costs 
■ Taxes 
■ Tariffs 
○ First to conscript in 1862 
■ 40% of those who can fight do 
○ Chaotic mass of political views 
● Only 9 million in south 
● Mass hyperinflation as government print off more money - 5000% from 1861-65 
○ Impressment Act - ‘Taxation-in-Kind’ - 10% of what you produce given to army 
 
Confederate Search for international help 
○ Wanted Britain to recognise them - Big with the cotton trade 
○ Produced 4 million bales annually during peacetime 
■ Went to 300,000 during war 
○ Britain did not help even though north took 13 colonies of them previously 
 
1861- Morrill Land Grant  
● Provided land grant acts to build agricultural colleges- although they initially they struggled, eventually they prospered providing new Farmers with vital information
...
 
 
1862 - Confederates introduce Conscription 
● First to do so 
● 40% of men in south who can fight do so 
● 900,000 men mobilised 
○ Women take over roles 
○ Harder longer work but receive less 
● Forces people to make choice - either for or against confederates 
○ In Alabama there were armed bandits avoiding conscription  
○ East Tennessee also refuse 
○ Between the two they give 90,000 troops to union 
 
1862 - Laird Rams 
● Two ships the British were building for the Confederates 
○ Ironclads 
● Union threaten to go to war with Britain sell the ships 
○ Britain do it anyway 
 
1862 April - Shiloh  
● Union forces 40,000 
● Johnson surprise attack on Union forces forcing them to flee 
● Johnson dies and is replaced by Beauregard 
● Grant gets reinforcement, confederate forces retreat 
 
1862 August - 2nd Manassas 
● Union General Pope around Washington 
○ Went to advance to Richmond 
● Lee heads North with 55,000 troops 
○ 25000 of them lead by Jackson 
● Confederates attack Pope’s Rear 
● Union Catastrophe - Pope defeated when Longstreet attacks his flanks 
● Mclelland reappointed over Pope 
● Confederate 9000 casualties 
 
Mediation 
● After 2nd manassas Napoleon III suggests Britain and France get involved 
● British PM says no 
● Trade ships with Confederates 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
○
○

The Alabama sinks 64 Union ships 
200 ships are sunk by these British ships 

 
1862 Sept - Antietam  
● Lee moves to Maryland to protect Virginian harvest from invasion from the North 
● McClelland forces him back to the Potomac river 
○ Outnumbers Lee massively but hesitates giving Jackson time to reinforce Lee 
● Partial Victories for Union 
● Lee able to withdraw and escape 
● Confederate casualties 11000 ; Union 12000 
● Bloodiest single day battle 
 
1863- Emancipation Proclamation 
●
​Lincoln Proclaimed the freedom of Slaves- calling it an act of justice 
● Fantastic move because it meant that Slaves in South would revolt  
● The 13th Amendment was ratified in 1865 
● This policy was based more on pragmatism than morality- motivating a moral campaign against the south 
 
1862 - Legal Tender Act 
● Union introduce ‘Greenbacks’ paper currency 
○ Restores confidence - $500 generated in bonds 
 
1862- The Pacific Railroad Act  
● The cession of the confederacy meant that there was no longer opposition to Transcontinental Railroad
...
  
● Both companies were given massive land grant
...
  Having  so  much  land  they  attempted to attract settlers using various tactics, such as long terms 
loans and temporary accommodation 
● However the offer of 160 acres was insufficient for profitable farming
...
Fremont created his own political party - Radical Democrats - threatens republicans 
● Republican policy endorsed unconditional surrender from south and a constitutional amendment for the end of slavery 
● In September ‘64 the war went in Lincoln's favour 
○ Farragut won important naval victory at Mobile 
○ Atlanta fell 
○ Sheridan won in the Shenandoah 
● Fremont withdrew from race 
○ Now race between Lincoln and Mclellan 
Election Results 
● Lincoln wins 55% vote so stays president 
● Republicans increase majorities in both Houses of Congress 
● Lincoln received a lot of backing from union troops 
○ Surprising as they hadn't been doing well 
● War Dept
...
5 million Ibs of fodder 
● Georgia crumbles - Confederates can't protect their people 
 
1864 May - Atlanta Campaign 
● Union Sherman leads 100,000 to Atlanta 
● Confederate Johnson 70,000 men who retreat 
● July - Union reach outskirts of Atlanta 
● Sherman replaced with John Bell Head  
● Attacks Union lines, Conf lose 20,000 men 
○ Confederates abandon Atlanta 
 
1864 - The Sand Creek Massacre 
● Cheyenne and Apache chiefs agree to move west but many tribesmen disagree so protest by raiding mining camps  
○ Braves 
● The territorial government persuaded them to come to Fort Lyon, Sand Creek for Negotiations 
○ Promised protection 
● Militia lead by Colonel Chivington arrive 
○ ‘Kill and scalp all, big and little’ 
○ Women and Children alike 
● 450 Indians killed 
● Chivington displayed 100 scalps in Denver 
● 1865 - Cheyenna Survivors surrendered unconditionally and gave up the Sand Creek Lands 
 

America: Civil War & Western Expansion  
1864 May 5-7th Wilderness Campaign 
● Union 124,000 troops - General Grant 
● Confederate 60,000 troops - General Lee 
● Casualties -Union/17000 ; Conf/11000 
● 2 major Aspects - Conf
...
  
The Indian War 
● Plain Indians  
○ 1860 there were 250,000  
○ Nomadic lifestyle (follow Bison around)- this gave them food, shelter, clothing 
■ 1865 - 13 million Bison 
■ 1883 - 200 Bison 
■ This is a result of Killing for sport/ to deny natives their sustenance/Feed railway workers 
● ‘Buffalo Bill’ 
1851​ - meeting at Horse Creek & Fort Laramie defined hunting boundaries  
● This policy was designed so the government could negotiate with each tribe  
● 1860 Kansas & Nebraska was free of Indians- pushed out by Americans 
● The Bureau of Indian Affairs- many employed by them were corrupt   
 
1873- Timber Culture Act  
● Another 160 acres would be allocated if they recipients promised plant ¼ of it with trees 
 
1877- Desert Land Act 
● 640 acres of land for $1

---