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Blood
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Study
Amount
Specific Gravity
PH Value
Osmotic Pressure
Colour
Origin
Type of tissue
Formation
HAEMOPOIESIS

Haematology
6-10% of total body weight
30 – 35 % of extracellular fluid
1
...
4 {7
...
45 (Alkaline )}
7
...
e
...
So if its level decreases water moves out from blood to tissue causing
swelling (Oedema) of foot and hand in person taking protein deficient diet
Some globulin says Immunoglobulin (IG), forms protective proteins called
Antibody in response to the entry of foreign agents
...
It
is produced by Liver
...

RBC: Red Blood Cell/Corpuscle
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Most numerous part of blood
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Nucleus
Present in Young RBC of mammal
Absent in Mature RBC of mammal (Enucleated /
Denucleated)
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Colour
Yellowish (when seen a single WBC)
Red (when seen in bulk)
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Size
Smaller than WBC
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7 – 8 μm in diameter
2 μm in thickness at rim
Smaller size helps in quick diffusion of oxygen
Formation
Erythropoiesis- formation of RBC is called
By Liver (in foetus)
By Spleen (in foetus)
By Red Bone Marrow (after birth)
Proteins and Iron are components of Hb
B12 and Folic Acid stimulate erythropoiesis
Life Span
120 days in Human
50 – 70 days in Rabbit
100 days in frog
Dead /Worn out RBC are destroyed by Phagocytosis in
blood, Spleen and Liver
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The pale colour of plasma is due to bilirubin
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Number
Most Numerous part of blood
4 – 4
...
5 – 5
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This is why mountain people
have reddish check
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This process is called DIAPEDESIS
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Size
Larger than RBC
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12- 20 μm in diameter
Number
6,000 – 8,000 per cubic millimetre of blood
Rise in WBC count is called LEUCOCYTOSIS
...
(due to Folic
Acid deficiency, infection of AIDS virus)
Colour
Colourless
Nucleus
Present along with other organelles
Formation
Its formation is called Leucopoiesis
Takes place in Lymph Node, spleen, Thymus and Red
Bone Marrow
Life Span
3 – 7 days
Dead WBC is phagocytised in blood, Liver and Lymph
Node
AGRANULOCYTES: Cytoplasm is non granular, Nucleus is non-lobed, rounded
or oval
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LYMPHOCYTE:
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Same to RBC in size
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Non-motile and Non-Phagocytic
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Secretes antibodies to destroy microbes and their toxins, reject grafts and
kill tumour cells
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Helps in healing of injuries
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B-Lymphocyte, T-Lymphocyte
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GRANULOCYTES: Cytoplasm is granular, Nucleus is lobed
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Formation in Red Bone Marrow (GRANULOPOIESIS)
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BASOPHIL:
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Takes basic stain such as Methylene Blue
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Nucleus is S-shaped
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Release Histamine and Heparin by exocytosis in blood
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EOSINOPHIL:
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Takes acidic stain such as Eosin
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Nucleus is bi-lobed
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Shows antihistamine properties (number increases in allergic condition)
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Also helps in dissolving blood clot
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NEUTROPHIL:
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Takes both acidic and basic stain equally
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Nucleus is may lobed
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Shows phagocytic action
...

Platelet: also called THROMBOCYTE
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Haemoglobin
Absent
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Shape
Round, oval, disc-like but quickly become stellate in
extracted
blood
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Size
Smallest part of Blood
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Number
Fewer than RBC
More than WBC
250000 platelets in a cubic millimetre
Rise in platelet count is called THROMBOCYTOSIS
Fall in platelet count is called THROMBOCYTOPENIA
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Colour
Colourless
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Nucleus
Absent
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Formation
in Red Bone marrow and called
THROMBOPOESIS
It is fragment of large cells in the bone marrow rather
than true cells
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Life Span
3 – 7 days
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At the site of injury, it releases THROMBOPLASTIN that helps in blood clotting
Blood Groups: (ABO and Rh Blood Group System)
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ISBT = International Society of Blood Transfusion
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Total 36 human blood group are recognised by ISBT
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Of these the most common are two – ABO and Rh Blood Group System for
suitability in blood transfusion
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Discovered by Karl Landsteiner (1900)
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Classified on the basis of presence of Antigens (Antigen A and Antigen B) on
RBC and absence of Antibody (Antibody A and Antibody B) in serum of human
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Antigens are present on RBC
Antibodies are present in Serum (Plasma of blood)
According to Landsteiner Law: If an antigen is present on the RBC,

the corresponding antibody must be absent from the plasma and
vice versa
...
Thus, transfusion can be considered safe as long as
the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens
of the donor
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"O" is often
called 0 (zero, or null) in
other languages
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Miscellaneous:
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Blood Cancer is also called LEUKEMIA in which rapid production of abnormal
WBC takes place in bone marrow
Blood Circulation was discovered by William Harvey
Lymph is the fluid that circulated throughout the lymphatic system
...
It is then transported through larger
lymphatic vessels to lymph node, where it is cleaned by lymphocytes, before

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emptying ultimately into the right or the left sub-clavian vein when it mixes back
with blood
Blood Pressure is measured with an instrument called a
sphygmomanometer
Blood Pressure in controlled by Kidney (Adrenal Gland 1)
...
The RENIN‐ANGIOTENSIN‐ALDOSTERONE system of the kidneys regulates
blood volume
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Blood Pressure

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Blood Sugar

120 mm of Hg / 80 mm of Hg or (120/80 mmHg)
16 kPa / 11 kPa
Systolic Pressure / Diastolic Pressure
70 – 100 mg/dL (Fasting)
Up to 140 (2 hours after eating)

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o

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od group system[edit]

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ABO blood group system: diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group

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Main article: ABO blood group system

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Red blood cell compatibility table
Recipient
O−
O+
A−

Donor
A+
B−

[26][27]

[1]

[1]

O−

O+

A−

B+

AB−

AB+

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A+
B−
B+
AB−
AB+

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s part of blood
Nucleus
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is non granular, Nucleus is non-lobed, rounded or oval

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