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Title: Biology A level Revision Notes on Gas Exchange
Description: These notes are made by me and were used as quick revision material for my alevel exams. It generally covers the main points around the Alevel subject requirement on the topic of gas exchange. It highlights some important points which would be needed to answer questions related to this chapter and allows you to skim through key points before going into an exam hall.
Description: These notes are made by me and were used as quick revision material for my alevel exams. It generally covers the main points around the Alevel subject requirement on the topic of gas exchange. It highlights some important points which would be needed to answer questions related to this chapter and allows you to skim through key points before going into an exam hall.
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A level Biology notes ~ Gas Exchange
Bronchi-Bronchus-Bronchi
Cartilage
•
•
•
Prevents from bursting/ collapsing due to pressure change
Keeps airways open
Trachea= c shaped rings, Bronchi= irregular blocks to keep it open, No cartilage in
bronchiole instead smooth muscle is present which helps adjust airway diameter
Air passing through air ways is Warmed(body temp) + Moisten( evaporation from lining) +
Remove particles(cilia lining and mucus~ chemical pollutant in air causes acidity and hence
irritation)
Alveoli
•
•
•
0
...
These particles may be airborne infections or irritants
that cause allergic reactions in the form of asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
-Asthma
-Chronic Bronchitis
-Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis- cough Phlegm
Tar paralyses cilia and increases mucus secretion as goblet cells enlarge
Mucus not moved- Dirt and bacteria clog bronchiole= smokers cough
Coughing damages epithelium= scar tissue= thick walls and small lumen= difficulty breathing
Accumulate mucus= infection= inflammation and hence difficulty breathing
Emphysema
WBC release enzyme to digest elastin fibre which covers alveoli so that it can enter infected
alveoli/lung
...
Resists blood flow=
pumps harder~ right side enlarges
Lungs don’t function= wheezing and breathlessness
*View cartilage, ciliated epithelium, mucus glands, smooth muscles, elastic fibre, goblet cells~ in trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli for Alevel students
...
It allows contraction and
relaxation to adjust diameter
Elastic Fibre - allow alveoli to stretch/ recoil to help force out air
Title: Biology A level Revision Notes on Gas Exchange
Description: These notes are made by me and were used as quick revision material for my alevel exams. It generally covers the main points around the Alevel subject requirement on the topic of gas exchange. It highlights some important points which would be needed to answer questions related to this chapter and allows you to skim through key points before going into an exam hall.
Description: These notes are made by me and were used as quick revision material for my alevel exams. It generally covers the main points around the Alevel subject requirement on the topic of gas exchange. It highlights some important points which would be needed to answer questions related to this chapter and allows you to skim through key points before going into an exam hall.