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Newton's First Law of Motion:
I
...

This we recognize as essentially
Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is
often termed simply the "Law of
Inertia"
...
The relationship between an object's
mass m, its acceleration a, and the
applied force F is F = ma
...

This is the most powerful of Newton's
three Laws, because it allows
quantitative calculations of dynamics:
how do velocities change when forces

are applied
...

This is sometimes summarized by
saying that under Newton, F = ma , but
under Aristotle F = mv , where v is the
velocity
...
As we have
noted earlier in conjunction with the
discussion of Galileo, Aristotle's view
seems to be more in accord with
common sense, but that is because of
a failure to appreciate the role played
by frictional forces
...

Newton's Third Law of Motion:
III
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This law is exemplified by what
happens if we step off a boat onto the
bank of a lake: as we move in the
direction of the shore, the boat tends
to move in the opposite direction
(leaving us facedown in the water, if
we aren't careful!)

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