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BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY HANDGUIDE
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism - (+/+)
Commensalism - (+/0)
Parasitism - (+/-)
Diversity Index
This is used to determine the amount of biological diversity in an
area
...
Animal
exchange programs help to increase the genetic diversity essential
to species survival
...

Purpose of Variation
Having variation in an ecosystem enables some of the organisms
in that ecosystem to survive because of their higher level of
resistance and survival adaptations, when certain species die off
...
It is the key to evolution of an
organism
...
All organisms produce more offspring that can possibly
survive
...
There is great variation within each species
...
Some of these variations increase the chances of an
organism surviving long enough to reproduce
...
Over time, variations lead to changes of genetic characteristics
of a species
...

Advantages:​ # of offspring are produced quickly, large
large
​
colonies can form to out-compete, large # of offspring mean the
species may survive when conditions change, energy is not
required to find a mate
Disadvantages: ​
mutations can destroy genetic clones, those
produced close together must compete, unfavourable conditions
can wipe out entire colonies
...

Continuous Traits - ​ that show a wide range possibilities
...
height, skin, color, learning ability, blood pressure
Discrete Traits - ​ that have a limited number of variations
...
freckles, widow’s peak, attached earlobes, cleft chin
Niche:​ole(s) that an organism has in its environment
...

Broad Niche: ​ filled by a generalist organism
...

Transgenic Organisms: ​ organism that has had a part of another
An
species’ DNA transferred into its own through genetic engineering
...
”
Mitosis: ​ process in which genetic material is duplicated in
The
somatic cells (body cells) and divided so that the mother and
daughter cells have identical sets of chromosomes
...

Meiosis: ​ the formation of gametes, (reproductive cells) the
In
process in which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that
each gamete has half the chromosomes of a somatic cell
...
g
...
g
...
When an egg and sperm join
...
Developing fertilized egg
...

Allele: ​ ​
One member​ a ​ (or any of the series) of ​
of pair​
genes
occupying a specific spot on a ​
chromosome​
(called ​ ) that
locus​
controls the same ​
...

Chromosome: ​ packaging for our genetic material and DNA
...

Behavioral Adaptation: ​ inherited characteristic behaviour that
An
helps an organism survive in its environment
...
owl hunting at night, migration of birds
Structural Adaptation: ​ inherited physical characteristic that
An
helps an organism survive in its environment
...
The pitcher plant obtains nitrogen from insects that it traps in
its pitcher shaped leaf
...

Biological Diversity: ​ number and variety of organisms in an
The
area
...


Extirpation: ​
Disappearance of species from a particular area, lives
in specific regions
...
It is illegal to buy or sell
animals or animal parts identified for protection by CITES
...

Mutations: ​
Changes to DNA by factors in the environment and by
random errors
...
​ changes caused
DNA
by mutagens may harm cells and cause certain diseases, such as
cancer
...

Ex
...
When
mixed with genes for a dominant trait, a recessive trait does not
show up in the offspring
...
blue eyes
Intermediate Traits - ​
Inherited traits that fall in between dominant
and recessive traits
...
wavy hair



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