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Clause
A clause is a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional
grammar said to consist of a Subject and a predicate
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So it is also called as standalone
sentence
Ex
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Consider the part underlined
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considering it alone can give a sense of
completeness
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So it is the independent clause here
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Ex
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Now let us consider the second part
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Here this is just a
supporting part, subordinated to the independent clause , it cannot express a meaningful idea
when considered alone
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There are three types of dependent clauses :
A clause that performs the function of a noun is a noun clause
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A clause that performs an adjectival function is called adjective clause or relative clause
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Noun clause can be used as :
i) the subject of a sentence
Ex
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ii) a noun clause can be used as the object of a verb
Ex
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iii) it can be used as complements of subject as well as object
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" Sancho panza was a barber before he turned a follower of Don Quixote"
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mentor complements John)
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The function of an appositive is to describe the subject and thereby used in the same way as a
subject or it is a word or phrase that follows another phrase and refer to it
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"My father, a retired teacher, spends his time reading and writing"
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therefore, the phrase
retired teacher functions as an alternative subject
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Summing Up
A noun clause can be used in most of the ways a noun can be used
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subject of a sentence

b
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complements of subject and object
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appositive clause
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Give example

what are the functions of a noun clause?

What is an appositive?

The Adverb Clause
clauses that function like adverbs are called Adverb clauses
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An adverb can:
( a) modify a verb
(b) modify an adjective
(c) modify another adverb
(d) it can tell why , how , when & where an action occurred
(e) it can even determine the degree / magnitude and the manner in which an action occurred
keeping in mind the functions of an adverb let us come back to adverb clauses
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Here , we get precise details of the place where exactly the action occurred
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Sometimes it can also be introduced by the subordinator “now that”
Ex : "I forgive you since you repent , I do it because I choose to"
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Adverb clause of time
It is introduced by subordinators like "when" , "while" ,"before" , "after", "till",
"as long as", "as soon as” etc
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here the portion underlined gives us clear idea of the time an action occurred
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here you can get a clear answer to the question 'for what purpose did she move
to her hometown' ; so that she could be with her people
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Ex: "Though the train started late it reached the destination on time"
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Ex : "She wept as if her heart would break"
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The Relative Clause
The Relative clause or Adjectival clause performs the duty of an adjective in a sentence
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It is normally introduced by a
relative pronoun
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The first line in the main clause is followed by a series
of clauses that describes the antecedent
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They wind round the main clause like thread around a ball
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(Yahweh is a
personal noun, the butcher is also a personal noun)
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Now let us deal with the relative clause in detail
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Here the relative clause is “that men do”
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Same is with the next example from Pope
"Here lies that peerless peer Lord Peter
who broke the laws of God , of man and metre"
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They are introduced by whereon , whereupon , which etc
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I tore up the picture, which greatly upset Jack"
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So the relative clause, "which
greatly upset Jack" refers to the whole sentence and not a single noun the "picture"
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Here too the relative pronoun "which" refers to the whole act of "a man aiming blows at an
imaginary enemy", and not imaginary enemy alone
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Which reminds me of a story"
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Relative Pronouns
An adjectival clause is joined to another clause by means of relative pronouns like who ,
whom , that , whose , which , to whom etc
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Here the relative pronoun that functions as the alternative subject” he”
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e , joining two clauses

Types of Relative Clauses
Here we are going to discuss two types of relative clauses

Defining clauses and Non defining clauses
Defining
A relative clause which identifies the noun it qualifies is a defining relative clause
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If it is removed, the entire
sentence may collapse, bringing serious changes in meaning
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Here the relative clause who supplies milk is a defining type, for it helps the reader to identify
the noun it qualifies
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Ex : "Please fetch me the red pen from my desk"
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Non-defining
A non-defining type is the one that imparts additional information
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It is separated
from the main clause using comma or dash
Ex : "The elephant, which is the largest of all land animals , is found in Asia and Africa"
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Ex : "Do you know who gave me this red pen ? "
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Use of wh-relative pronoun and “that” as relative pronoun
To understand a Relative clause , we need to understand the difference between
'wh'-relative pronouns and 'that' as a relative pronoun
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1) That is not used to introduce non-defining relative clauses
2) There is no change in the form of 'that' with the number or case of the antecedent
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"The man that you called yesterday has arrived "
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here the preposition “ about” comes at the end
Note : when we use a relative pronoun as the complement of a preposition, the preposition
can come before or after the wh-relative pronoun as in :
"This is the hill about which I dreamt last night"
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here both are correct
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Ex : "The man who came here yesterday", may be better than
"The man that came here yesterday"
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Ex : "As he came out of the forest he saw a little boy by the roadside, who seemed
to be watching for someone "
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Ex : "All that is well ends well "

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