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Title: Biology 101: The Human Body
Description: These notes are from a College level Biology 101 course and cover all of the systems of the body. They are very comprehensive and include descriptions of each the systems as well as key terms. Also covered are common issues that can occur within each system and how the body responds to these threats to keep it healthy and functioning well. Color coding, numbering and bullet points help to keep things organized and easy to understand and remember. The format is designed to optimize studdy time and increase memorization of the common terms associated with the systems of the human body.
Description: These notes are from a College level Biology 101 course and cover all of the systems of the body. They are very comprehensive and include descriptions of each the systems as well as key terms. Also covered are common issues that can occur within each system and how the body responds to these threats to keep it healthy and functioning well. Color coding, numbering and bullet points help to keep things organized and easy to understand and remember. The format is designed to optimize studdy time and increase memorization of the common terms associated with the systems of the human body.
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Tissues, Organs and Organ Systems
Structural Organization of the Body
1
...
Molecule or compound
3
...
Tissue
5
...
organ system
7
...
4 Basic types
1
...
Only attached on one
side
...
continuously
sloughing off and replaced by cell division
...
examples:
● skin
● heart and blood vessels
● respiratory tract
● Digestive tract
● urogenital tract
2
...
sense stimuli, process it, and
transmit signals
...
3
...
● smooth muscle i
...
connective tissue (6 types)
1
...
2
...
connects epithelia to underlying tissues, holds
organs in place collagen, (strength) elastin stretch not break, fibroplasts
3
...
boneosteocytes
5
...
cartilage cells are called chondrocytes no blood vessels
Organformed of two or more types of tissue
Organ System a group of organs that work together
Organism formed by all the organ systems of the body
...
(The liver is the only organ that can grow
itself from smaller pieces) heart, pancreas
The Digestive System
small intestine has 3 parts;
1
...
3
...
it
produces to help dissolve fats
...
The gallbladder is underneath the liver and
stores and secretes into the duodenum
...
Digestive enzymes produced by the pancreaas
● proteasedigests proteins
● nucleasedigests nucleic acid
● amylasedigests carbs
● lipasedigests fat
homeostasis the ability of the body to regulate and balance internal conditions through
feedback controls
...
liverconverts glucose into glycogen
pancreas secretes insulin to lower blood sugar
...
Positive feedback, the outcome of a process helps that process
...
Cardiovascular system is made of
vascular system blood vessels and capillaries\
circulating fluid blood
pumpheart
bronchitis
inflammation of
bronchial
tubes symptoms
● cough
● mucous
● fever shortness of breath
● increased risk of asthma
Pneumoniainflammation of air sacsalveoli
● bloody cough
● fever chest pain
● lack of air
humans have 5 liters of blood in their body
•
Arteries – thick, elastic wall; slender lumen; carry blood heart contain blood with
Away from
oxygen
• – thin less elastic walls; wider lumen; contain deoxygenated blood carry blood to heart
Veins
•
Capillaries_endothial linings only one layer, wall; where gas and material exchange occurs
–
through simple diffusion
thrombus- occurs when there is a buildup of platelets (blood clot) in the heart, blocking blood
flow
...
Infectious diseases
Pathogen- an organism that causes disease
...
Virus- cannot reproduce without a host cell to invade
...
● Hepatitis ABCDE- diseases of the liver caused by DNA or RNA
● Influenza - caused by RNA viruses
2
...
spreads toxins throughout
the body
3
...
we come equipped with them
...
Skin (low ph) and mucous membranes- create secretions to trap and remove pathogens
(removes 90% of infectious disease)
2
...
engulf and digest invasive organisms through
phagocytosis
...
releases chemicals to stimulate the production
of more white blood cells
...
The Macrophages can cause these reactions if needed
...
this inhibits bacterial growth and increases the metabolism of
healthy cells
...
release
histamine
to increase size of blood
vessels allows more blood to travel to the site to allow fresh oxygen and the nutrients and
energy and oxygen will speed up cleaning and repair
...
Lymphocytes- B Lymphocytes and T lymphocytes concentrated in spleen and and lymph
nodes
...
Respond to
antibodies
...
● B Lymphocytes- Produced in the bone marrow
...
They
produce antigens to attach to the antibodies and destroy them
...
clones itself to provide long term immunity
● T lymphocytes- produced in the Bone marrow, mature in the thymus
...
will respond to cancer cells
...
memory cells- stocks up for future immunity
2
...
Directly kill infected host cel
l
3
...
HIV targets helper T cell
Passive immunity short term the passing of immunity in the form of ready made antibodies not
made in the body already
...
An
overactive
immune response against tissues and substances normally present in the body
leads to these
rheumatoid arthritis attacks the lining of the joints throughout the body and causes chronic
inflammation
...
Active Immunity learning and reacting selfdeveloped by exposure to antigen and production of
B and T cells
•Long term
Natural primary immune response
Artificial vaccines
allergyhypersensitivity of the immune system acquired, predictable and rapid
...
attacks T helper cells to cause immune deficiency
can only be spread through bodily fluids semen blood breast milk, etc
...
The brain
● 1
...
responsible for cell growth, cell reproduction and cell regeneration
...
e
Co
b
a
m
o
● thalamusrelay center for sensory information
● Brain stem
Brain stem
governs reflexes, heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, other
automatic functions
The brain contains specialized cells called neurons
...
interneurons located between the sensory and motor neurons
...
sensory neurons sends messages to the central nervous system (hot sensation, you touch
something hot)
3
...
Somatic Nervous system responsible for voluntary bodily functions that you control
...
e
...
Auto
nomous nervous system responsible for involuntary or “
automatic
functions”
● Parasympathetic nervous system “rest and digest mode”
**heart rate and respiration are inhibited, all other bodily functions work normally
● Sympathetic nervous system fight or flight mode”
**heart rate and respiration increase
...
Two types of senses
1
...
2
...
Women have a greater spinal curvature and a larger pelvis for giving birth
...
Women have a larger Q angle angle of the femur in relation to the horizontal line drawn through
the kneecap
...
Femur thigh bone, the longest in the body
206 bones in the human body
...
120 in the appendicular to make room for appendages
...
Bone cancer
most common in children and adults
...
Often occurs in areas around the knees and shoulders because of rapid growth
...
osteoclasts breaks down bone to release calcium into the system through reabsorption into the
bloodstream
...
hint blasts
calcium out of
the bloodstream
...
has 639 pieces
...
● controlled by nerves
...
muscles can only contract
...
A pair of muscles pulls in opposite directions to produce movements
...
myofibrils within each muscle fiber parallel
sarcomeres unit of contraction of the muscle fiber
...
Proteins slide away from each other when relaxed and gap distance becomes larger
...
The excretory system (kidneys)
There are four phases of nephron function
1
...
reabsorptionsugar, amino acids and water absorbed into the blood
...
secretionwastes that are low in concentration are sent to the end of the nephrons
4
...
(adrenaline)
Gametogenesis
•The production of
gametes
(sex cells) in
gonads
(testes and ovaries)
Involve the process of
meiosis
•Different forms in males and females:
Spermatogenesis (male ): begin puberty; occur continuously in tubules of testes
Oogenesis ( female ):
begin before birth stops and then resumes at puberty_; occur during
menstruation
creation of an ovum
...
Cannot bind to the cells surface,
diffuse across the membrane and bind to receptors inside of the cell
...
The Reproductive system
Male
1
...
testes produces sperm
3
...
vas deferens transports semen to urethra
5
...
prostate protects and nourishes
7
...
bulbourethral protects sperm by releasing a chemical that neutralizes urine and lubricates
urethra
Female
1
...
where egg and sperm meet and transports and stores
2
...
urethra urine is removed from the body
...
Women are more likely to suffer from UTIs and other infections because their urethra is
shorter than the man’s
5
...
F
SH stimulates llicles to produces estrogen (
f
o
feminine hormone
)
L
H stimulate temus to produces progesterone
L
e
A fertility test measures FSHthe hormone that tells the body to produce more egg on day 3 of
your cycle to determine fertility
...
doubles every 2 days measured by PREGNANCY
TEST
...
F
SH stimulates llicles to produces estrogen (
f
o
feminine hormone
)
L
H stimulate temus to produces progesterone
L
e
A fertility test measures FSHthe hormone that tells the body to produce more egg on day 3 of
your cycle to determine fertility
...
doubles every 2 days measured by PREGNANCY
TEST
Title: Biology 101: The Human Body
Description: These notes are from a College level Biology 101 course and cover all of the systems of the body. They are very comprehensive and include descriptions of each the systems as well as key terms. Also covered are common issues that can occur within each system and how the body responds to these threats to keep it healthy and functioning well. Color coding, numbering and bullet points help to keep things organized and easy to understand and remember. The format is designed to optimize studdy time and increase memorization of the common terms associated with the systems of the human body.
Description: These notes are from a College level Biology 101 course and cover all of the systems of the body. They are very comprehensive and include descriptions of each the systems as well as key terms. Also covered are common issues that can occur within each system and how the body responds to these threats to keep it healthy and functioning well. Color coding, numbering and bullet points help to keep things organized and easy to understand and remember. The format is designed to optimize studdy time and increase memorization of the common terms associated with the systems of the human body.