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Cells
Organization and Regulation

Cell Types
Prokaryotic: generally have a plasma membrane, a single DNA molecule not coupled with
protein molecules, small ribosomes, cytoplasm and a cell wall
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If they possess flagella, they are
different from the eukaryotic flagella and cilia
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Prokaryotes have
much simpler structure than eukaryotes
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Membrane
Encloses the material in the cell and regulates the passage of material into the cell from the
surrounding environment
A
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The polar, hydrophilic end lies on the outside of the bilayer, nonpolar,
hydrophobic end lies on the inside
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Membrane
Types of proteins:
1
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3
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Channel(transmembrane)proteins: provide for the passage of certain water soluble
substances across the membrane
Electron transfer proteins: transfer electrons from one molecule to another
Receptor proteins: sites that act as receptors for trigger molecules that cause a cell
response within the cell
Transport proteins: use energy from ATP to transfer materials across the membrane in a
process called active transport

Membrane

B
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2
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4
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6
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8
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B
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D
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F
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Rough ER is site where ribosomes make proteins for use in cell and for export
from cell with the aid of various RNAs
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Flagella: Longer than cilia but of the same material, aid cell in movement with a wave like motion
H
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Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that metabolize structures for the cell and even the cell itself
J
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Microtubules: provide support for the cell, microtubules and microfilaments comprise the
cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells
L
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Nucleolus: densely staining region of the nucleus where there are multiple copies of genes for
making ribosomes, contains RNA

Cell Organelles
N
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Peroxisomes: organelles that breakdown substances in cells, usually toxins
P
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Vacuoles: usually found only in plant cells in the form of large storage areas

Plant cells
Plant cells have;
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an outermost cell wall that provides support but is primarily for osmotic control
Chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place
Large vacuole filled with cell sap

Animal cells
Animal cells have;
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Centrioles that take part in cell division
Some have flagella or cilia
Some able to engulf solid matter

Cell cycles - Binary Fission
-

Prokaryotic cells reproduce by Binary Fission
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Following
these phases, the cell undergoes mitosis, or an M phase where karyokinesis occurs followed by
cytokinesis
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2
...

4
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2
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4
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Spindle, composed of microtubules, then forms
Metaphase: the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate of the cell and become
attached to the spindles at their central location, known as centromere
Anaphase: sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at their centromeres as the
spindles begin to pull them to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase: appears almost as the reverse of prophase
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The nucleolus also reappears, the spindle disappears

Cell cycles - Cytokinesis
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Following the stages of karyokinesis-during telophase specifically-in animal cells, the
equator pinches at the cleavage furrow of the two new cells
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Thank You



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