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Muscle flowchart notes
Lower limb

Gluteal region
Superficial muscles
- Gluteus maximus = largest and most superficial
...
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5S2)
...

- Gluteus medius = Fan shaped, between glut max and mini
...
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
...

- Gluteus minimus = smallest and deepest superficial mm
...
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
...

- Tensor fascia lata = Small mm at superior thigh, just anterior to iliotibial tract
...

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
...

Deep muscles
- Piriformis = most superior deep mm
...
Nerve to piriformis (S1, S2)
...

- Obturator internus = Pubis and ischium (at obturator foramen) -> through lesser
sciatic foramen and to greater trochanter of femur
...
Lateral rotation and abduction
...
Superior
= ischial spine -> greater trochanter of femur
...
// Inferior
= ischial tuberosity -> greater trochanter of femur
...
Both
cause lateral rotation and abduction
...
Lateral ischial
tuberosity -> intertrochanteric crest on posterior femur
...
Lateral rotation
...
Thigh mm
...
Anterior rami of L1-L3
...
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
...

- Quadriceps femoris = 4 mm that all attach to the patella via common quadriceps
tendon
...

Greater trochanter of femur and lateral linea aspera -> quadriceps tendon
...
Extends knee and stabilises patella
...
And med
...
Femoral nerve (L2L4)
...


o Vastus Medialis = Most medial quad m, fibres run towards thigh centre
...

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
...

o Rectus femoris = in middle of anterior thigh, just below sartorius
...
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
...

- Sartorius = long thin mm running diagonal across thigh, most superficial anterior
thigh mm
...
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
...

- Pectineus = flat mm that forms base of femoral triangle (with superior iliopsoas and
inferior adductor longus mm)
...
Femoral nerve (L2-L4) and obturator
nerve (L2-L4)
...

Posterior (Hamstrings)
- Biceps femoris = most lateral posterior thigh mm
...
Tibial nerve (L5-S2, from sciatic n)
...

Common fibular nerve (L5-S2, from sciatic n)
...

- Semitendinosus = large and long tendon, between biceps femoris and
semimembranosus, superficial to most of semimembranosus
...
Tibial nerve (L5-S2, from sciatic n)
...

- Semimembranosus = flat, broad mm deep to semitendinosus
...
Tibial nerve (L5-S2, from sciatic n)
...

Medial
- Obturator externus = most superior medial mm, small mm
...
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
...

- Adductor brevis = short mm deep to adductor longus
...
Obturator nerve
(L2-L4)
...

- Adductor longus = large, flat mm superficial to adductor magnus/brevis, forms
medial border of femoral triangle
...
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
...

- Adductor magnus = largest, most posterior medial thigh mm
...
Obturator nerve (L2L4)
...
// Hamstring part = ischial tuberosity -> adductor
tubercule and medial supracondylar line of femur
...
Adducts and
extends thigh
...
Inferior pubic ramus and body of pubis ->
medial tibia
...
Adducts thigh, flexes knee
...
Lateral tibia -> medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
...
Anterior tibial artery
...

Extensor digitorum longus = most lateral anterior m, lateral and deep to TA
...
Deep fibular
nerve (L4-S1)
...
Foot dorsiflexion and 4 lateral toe extension
...
Medial fibula -> base of distal phalanx
of hallux
...
Anterior tibial artery
...


Lateral
- Fibularis longus = larger and more superficial
...

Superficial fibular nerve (L4-S1)
...

- Fibularis brevis = shorter and deeper
...
Superficial fibular nerve (L4- S1)
...

Posterior
- Superficial
o Gastrocnemius = Superficial to soleus
...
Medial head = medial femoral condyle -> calcaneal
tendon
...
Plantarflexion of foot, flexes knee
...
Soleal line of tibia and proximal
fibula -> calcaneal tendon
...
Plantarflexion of foot
...
Lateral femoral condyle and posterior lateral
meniscus -> origin of soleus mm
...
Laterally rotates femur
on tibia to allow knee unlocking so knee can flex
...

Posterior fibula, tibia and interosseous membrane -> plantar surfaces of
medial tarsal bones
...
Inverts and plantarflexion of foot,
maintains medial longitudinal arch
...
Medial tibia -> plantar
surfaces of lateral 4 digits
...
Flexion of 4 lateral digits
...
Tibial nerve (S1, S2)
...

Upper limb

Pectoral region
- Pectoralis major = Clavicular head = anterior sternal 1/3 of clavicle -> intertubular
groove of the humerus
...
Lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7) and medial
pectoral nerve (C8-T1)
...

- Pectoralis minor = medial part of ribs 3 – 5 -> coracoid process of the scapula
...
Stabilises the scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against
the thoracic wall
...

Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
...

- Subclavius = small muscle under the clavicle, protects subclavian NMB
...
Nerve to subclavius
...

Shoulder
- EXTRINSIC (torso origin, attach to shoulder bones – clavicle, scapula or humerus)
o Trapezius = broad, flat and most superficial back mm
...
Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI) and fibres from C3/C4
...

o Latissimus dorsi = Inferior to the trapezius, large and triangular mm
...
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C7)
...

o Levator scapulae = small strap like mm deep to superior trapezius
...
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
...

o Rhomboid minor = Superior to major mm, just inferior to levator scapulae
...
Dorsal scapula nerve
(C5)
...

o Rhomboid major = Inferior to rhomboid minor mm
...
Dorsal scapula nerve (C5)
...

- INTRINSIC (scapula/clavicle origin, attach to humerus)
o Deltoid = Scapula and acromial clavicle -> deltoid tuberosity on lateral
humerus
...
Anterior fibres = flexion and medial rotation
of upper limb
...
Posterior fibres = extension and lateral rotation
of upper limb
...
Posterior inferior
angle of the scapula -> medial lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus
...
Adducts and medially rotates upper limb
...
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
...

§ Infraspinatus = Infraspinous fossa of scapula -> greater tubercule of
humerus
...
Lateral rotation of upper limb
...
Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
...

§ Subscapularis = Subscapula fossa on anterior scapula -> lesser
tubercule of the humerus
...
Medially rotates the arm
...
Short head =
Coracoid process of the scapula -> radial tuberosity and forearm fascia via
bicipital apopneurosis
...
Forearm supination,
shoulder and elbow flexion
...

Medial and lateral shaft of humerus -> ulna tuberosity of ulna, distal to the
elbow joint
...
Flexes the elbow
...
Coracoid process of the scapula ->
medial humeral shaft at level of deltoid tubercle
...
Flexes shoulder, weak adduction
...
Common tendon inserts into ulna
olecranon
...
Extension of arm at
the elbow
...
Medial epicodyle of humerus and coronoid process of
ulna -> lateral mid-shaft of radius
...
Forearm pronation
...
Medial epicondyle of humerus ->
bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
...
Flexion and
abduction at the wrist
...
Medial
epicondyle of humerus -> flexor retinaculum
...
Flexes
the wrist
...
Medial epicondyle
of humerus and ulna -> pisiform carpal bone
...
Flexion
and adduction at the wrist
...
Medial epicondyle of the humerus and
radius -> splits into 4 tendons at the wrist, travel through carpal tunnel and to
middle phalanges of medial 4 fingers
...
Flexes MCP and
proximal IP joints of medial 4 fingers, flexes the wrist
...
Ulna and medial
interosseous membrane -> splits into 4 tendons at the wrist, travel through
carpal tunnel and to distal phalanges of medial 4 fingers
...
Lateral 2 tendons = median nerve (C6-T1)
...


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-

o Flexor pollicis longus = Most lateral deep mm
...
Median nerve
(C6-T1)
...

o Pronator quadratus = deepest deep mm, square shaped and distal
...
Median nerve (C6-T1)
...

Posterior
Superficial
o Brachioradialis = most lateral posterior mm, comes onto anterior side
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor carpi radialis longus = Between B and ED
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor carpi radialis brevis = Between B and ED
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor digitorum = most central posterior arm mm, main extensor of the
fingers
...
Deep
branch of radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor digiti minimi = medial to ED, between ED and ECU
...
Deep branch of radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor carpi ulnaris = most medial distal posterior mm
...
Deep branch of radial nerve (C5T1)
...

o Anconeus = small, medial and superior posterior arm mm
...
Radial nerve
(C5-T1)
...

Deep
o Supinator = Most superior and superficial deep mm, floor of cubital fossa,
radial nerve passes between 2 heads
...
Deep branch of radial
nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Abductor pollicis longus = Distal to S, forms lateral border of anatomical snuff
box
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor pollicis brevis = Medial and deep to APL, forms lateral border of
anatomical snuff box
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor pollicis longus = Larger and more medial than EPL, forms medial
border of anatomical snuff box
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...

o Extensor indicis = Most medial deep mm, allows index to be independent
...
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
...


Hand
- Thenar
- Opponens pollicis = largest and deepest thenar mm
...
Median nerve (C6-T1)
...

- Abductor pollicis brevis = proximal to FPB
...
Median nerve (C6-T1)
...

- Flexor pollicis brevis = most distal thenar mm
...
Median nerve (C6-T1)
...

- Hypothenar
- Opponens digiti minimi = deepest hypothenar mm
...
Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
...

- Abductor digiti minimi = most superficial hypothenar mm
...
Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
...

- Flexor digiti minimi brevis = lateral to ADM
...
Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
...

- Lumbricals = 4 muscles which link the extensor and flexor tendons, lateral 2 are
unipennate and medial 2 are bipennate
...
Lateral 2 = median nerve (C6-T1), medial 2 = ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
...

- Interossei
- Dorsal interossei = most superficial dorsal mm, 4 mm
...
Ulnar
nerve (C8, t1)
...

- Palmar interossei = 3 mm
...
Ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
...

- Other mm
- Adductor pollicis = large trianglular mm with 2 heads, radial artery passes between 2
heads
...
Ulnar
nerve (C8, T1)
...

Neck
Suprahyoid mm
- Stylohyoid = thin mm, superior to posterior belly of the digastric mm
...
Facial nerve (CN VII)
...


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Geniohyoid = most central mm
...
Hypoglossal nerve
...

- Digastric = 2 muscular bellies connected by a tendon
...
Posterior belly = mastoid process of the temporal bone ->
tendon
...
Mandibular and facial
nerves
...

- Mylohyoid = broad, triangular shape mm which forms floor of oral cavity
...
Mandibular nerve
...

Infrahyoid mm
- Omohyoid = more superficial mm, 2 muscular bellies connected by a tendon
...
Superior belly = tendon -> hyoid
bone
...
Anterior rami of C1-C3 via ansa
cervicalis
...

- Sternohyoid = superficial mm
...

Anterior rami of C1-C3 via ansa cervicalis
...

- Sternothyroid = deepest, wider mm underneath sternohyoid mm
...
Anterior rami of C1-C3 via ansa cervicalis
...

- Thyrohyoid = short, deep and superior mm
...

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
...

Scalenes
- Anterior scalene = lateral neck, deep to SCM mm
...
Anterior rami of C5-C6
...

- Middle scalene = largest, longest scalene mm
...
Anterior rami of C3-C8
...

- Posterior scalene = smallest, deepest scalene mm
...
Anterior rami of C6-C8
...

Other neck mm
- Platysma = very thin, and most superficial neck mm
...
Facial
nerve

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