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Pre-Science Day 1
Anatomical Position:
Feet forward
Palms forward
Anatomy: science of body structures and the relationships among them
Physiology: science of body functions, how the body parts works - Science that deals with the
functions of an organism or its parts
Kinesiology: the study of movement of body parts
Pathology: the science of the causes and effect of diseases
Oncology: the study of tumors
Directional Terms
Superior: towards head
Inferior: away from head
Anterior: near front of the body
Posterior: near back of the body
Medial: near midline
Lateral: away from midline
Intermediate: in the middle
Ipsilateral: same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Proximal: near origin
Distal: away from origin
Superfical: near surface of the body
Deep: away from the surface of the body

Levels of Structural organization and body system (Quiz)
Chemical Level: atoms and molecules (DNA and glucose)
Cellular Level: molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of
an organism
Tissue Level: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function
...

Organ Level: different types of tissues are joined together
System Level: consists of related organs with a common function
Organismal Level: all parts functioning together constitute the total organism
...

Organ: Skin, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, oil glands
Skeletal System
Function
Supports and protects body
Provide surface area for muscle attachments
Aids body movements
Houses cells that produce blood cells
Stores mineral and lipids
Organ: Bones and joints
Muscular System
Function
Body movements
Organ: skeletal muscle tissue
Skeletal: attach to bones
Voluntary
Conscious will
Know as striated muscle (stripey)
Cardiac: walls of heart muscle
Involuntary
Hormones and neurotransmitters
S
...
node - pacemakers
Striated muscle form a brick wall
Pump blood
Smooth: sheets
Involuntary
Hormones and neurotransmitters
Smooth structure - sphincters
Propel waste and fluids
Restricts movement
Controlling blood
Nervous System
Function
Generates action potentials to regulate body activities
Detects changes in body's internal and external environments

interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or
glandular secretions
...

Cardiovascular System
Function
Pumps blood
Carries oxygen, nutrients and waste (carbon dioxide)
Regulates acid base balance, temperature and fluid
Defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
Organ: Blood, heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Function
Returns proteins and fluid to the blood
carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect
against disease causing microbes (immune responses)
Organ: Lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, B and T cells
Respiratory System
Function
Exchange Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Regulates acid base balance of body fluid
Produces sound
Organ: Lungs, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tunes
Digestive System
Function:
Physical and chemical breakdown of food
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates solid wastes
Organ: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus
...

Anabolism: the build up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
...

Differentiation: the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state,
Stem Cells
Reproduction: Either formation of new cells from tissue growth, repair or replacement or the
production of a new individual

Cells
Parts
Plasma Membrane: cell's flexible outer surface
Function:
Separates internal and external
Selective barrier regulates the flow of material in and out of a cell
Help maintain balance
75% Phospholipids
Cytoplasm: consists of all cellular contents between plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytosol: fluid
Organelles: various shape and functions
Nucleus: houses most of a cell's DNA
Chromatin
Nucleolus (makes ribosomes)

Mitochondria: create energy for the cell's use
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): a series of channels connect the nucleus with other organelles
and the cell membrane
...
Could be free floating or attaching to ER
Golgi Apparatus: a series of flattened sacs
...

Cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments and Microtubules: create the structural framework of the interior of the
cell
...

Help generate movement and provide mechanical support
...
It help determine cell shape
...
Also heat and other waste
products
Regulation: maintain the balance of body fluids
Protection: Clot to protect excessive loss when injury occurs
...
1
Sub-specialties of Anatomy
Embryology: the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
Developmental biology: The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death
Cell biology; Cellular structure and functions
Histology: Microscopic structure of tissues
Gross anatomy: Structures that can be examined without a microscope
Systemic anatomy: Structures of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory
systems
Regional anatomy: Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
Surface anatomy: Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through
visualization and palpation (gentle touch)
Radiographic anatomy: Body structures that can be visualized with X-rays
Pathological anatomy: Structural changes (gross to microscopic associated with disease)
Sub-specialties of Physiology
Neurophysiology: Functional properties of nerve cells
Endocrinology: Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions
Cardiovascular physiology: Functions of the heart and blood vessels
Immunology: The body's defenses against disease-causing agents
Respiratory physiology: Functions of the air passageways and lungs
Renal physiology: Functions of the kidneys
Exercise physiology: Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity
Psychopathology: Functional changes associated with disease and aging
Levels of structural organization and body systems
Chemical Level: atoms and molecules (DNA and glucose)
Cellular Level: molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of
an organism
Tissue Level: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function
...

Organ Level: different types of tissues are joined together
...

System Level: consists of related organs with a common function

Organismal Level: all parts functioning together constitute the total organism
...

Anabolism: the build up of complex chemical substances from smaller,
simpler components
...

Differentiation: the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Stem Cells
Reproduction: Either formation of new cells from tissue growth, repair or replacement or the
production of a new individual

Noninvasive diagnostic technique

Inspection (look): observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal
Palpation (touch): feels body surfaces with the hands
Auscultation (listen): listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain
organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds
...

H

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