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ORAL ANATOMY
Terms of Orientation
Alveolus………
...
Contact Area
Crest of
curvature………
...
Fissure…………
...
Grooves………
...
Mamelon………
...
...
Root axis line…
...
Thirds…………
...
Variation………
...
Line angle - two surfaces ; Point angle – three surfaces
an outstanding or unusual variation in form, eg
...
a V-shaped space between the proximal surfaces of two adjoining teeth in contact
...
developmental groove ; supplemental grooves
a major division of a tooth believed to be formed during development
a rounded or conical prominence on the incisal ridge of a newly erupted incisor
a sharp, pin – point depression usually located at the junction of two or more intersecting
developmental grooves or at the termination of a single developmental groove
Proximal root concavity – a depression extending longitudinally on the mesial or distal surface of a
tooth
a linear elevation on the surface of a tooth EG
...
imaginary divisions of a tooth crown or root
a slightly rounded elevation on the surface of a tooth
...
SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION OF PERMANENT DENTITION
Molars
Premolars Canine
Incisors
MAXILLARY ARCH
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
46
45
44
43
42
41
6
5
4
3
48
8
47
7
RIGHT
Canines
3
Premolars
Molars
4
5
6
7
8
23
24
25
26
27
28
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
2
1
1
2
MANDIBULAR ARCH
3
4
5
6
7
8
LEFT
SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION OF DECIDUOUS DENTITION
Molars
Canines
Incisors
MAXILLARY ARCH
E
D
C
B
A
Canines
A
B
C
Molars
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
55
54
53
52
51
61
62
63
64
65
85
84
83
82
81
71
72
73
74
75
T
S
R
Q
P
O
N
M
L
K
E
D
C
B
A
A
MANDIBULAR ARCH
RIGHT
B
C
D
E
LEFT
CROWN and ROOT
1
...
Functional / Clinical Crown – that part of a tooth that is exposed in the oral cavity
...
3
...
Functional / Clinical Root – that part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and is not exposed to the oral
cavity
5
...
6
...
Root trunk (base) – that portion of a multirooted tooth between the cervical line and bifurcation or
trifurcation of the separate roots
...
Calcification - The organic framework of a tooth becomes hard from calcium and phosphorous salts brought in by
small blood vessels
Eruption - The act of a tooth moving occlusally and becoming visible in the mouth as it emerges through the gum
tissue, sometimes synonymous with emergence
...
Usual order of appearance of deciduous teeth
1
...
Lateral incisors
3
...
Canines
5
...
First molars
6
...
Mandibular incisors
7
...
Maxillary central
8
...
Maxillary lateral
9
...
Mandibular canines
10
...
Presence of crypt
2
...
One-third of crown completed
6
...
One-third of root completed
8
...
Two-thirds of crown completed
5
...
Root almost completed – open apex
10
...
Trapezoids
A
...
All anterior teeth
- labial and lingual aspect
2
...
with shortest uneven side toward occlusal surface
- all maxillary posterior teeth, mesial and distal aspect
2
...
Rhomboids – all mandibular posterior teeth, mesial and distal
PERMANENT MAXILLARY INCISORS
- develops from 4 primary centers of formation (lobes) ; 3 labial lobe and 1 lingual lobe
Maxillary Central Incisors
-widest mesiodistal dimension; generally smooth
-morphology of newly erupted central incisor
-presence of mamelons
-two shallow developmental depressions labially
-perikymata – fine horizontal lines on the crown surface
- 2 basic forms: wide cervix and narrow cervix
-variations: short root ; unusually long crown; shovel-shaped incisors
-Contact Area : Mesial – incisal third, very near or approaching the incisal angle
Distal – near the junction of the incisal and middle third
Labial Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-length of crown usually greater than the MD width
-outline of crown – mesial slightly convex, distal outline more convex
-MI angle sharp, DI angle more convex
-incisal outline regular and straight in MD direction
-cervical outline – semicircular with curvature rootwise
-root is cone-shaped, with a relatively blunt apex; root is 2 or 3 mm longer than crown
-root axis line of crown and root labially tends to parallel the mesial outline of the crown and root
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-smooth convexity at the cervical 3rd , cingulum and is located off centered towards distal
-between mesial and distal marginal ridges is a shallow concavity, the lingual fossa
-shovel-shaped incisors- incisors with deep lingual fossa and prominent marginal ridges
-linguoincisal edge is raised , in level with MRs
-there are developmental grooves extending from the cingulum to the lingual fossa
-crown and root taper lingually, crown measurement at the two labial angles greater than the two lingual Las
-root lingual is narrower than labially
Mesial Aspect
-crown outline is triangular or wedge shaped
-root axis line bisect incisal ridge and root apex, IR is in line with center of the root
...
Distal Aspect
-similar to mesial except: crown is thicker toward incisal 3 rd
-less curvature of CEJ
-most teeth turned a little on their root bases, in order to adapt to the curvature of the dental arch, creating an
illusion of greater thickness on the distal
...
Labial Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-has more curvature, with rounded incisal ridge and incisal angles
-more rounded mesioincisal angle
-Contact Areas: Mesial – incisal 3rd or near the junction of the middle and incisal 3rds
Distal – junction of middle and incisal 3rd or center of the middle 3rd
-distal outline of crown more rounded; more convex labial face
-root is often about 1 ½ times the length of the crown
...
Distal Aspect
-crown outline is triangular
-width of crown appears thickerCEJ curves less than mesial
-not uncommon to find a developmental groove extending on the root for part or all of tits length
Incisal Aspect
-resembles central or a small canine
-cingulum and incisal ridge maybe large than central
-labiolingual measurement maybe greater than mesiodistal dimension
-exhibits more convexity labially and lingually than maxillary central
-incisal ridge has lingual inclination
PERMANENT MANDIBULAR INCISORS
- develops from 4 primary centers of formation (lobes) ; 3 labial lobe and 1 lingual lobe
-smaller in all dimension
-central smaller than lateral, which is a reverse in the maxilla
-incisal surfaces shows a labial inclination when occlusion is normal; while incisal surfaces of maxillary incisors has
lingual inclination
...
Mandibular Central Incisor
-smallest tooth in the dental arch, bilaterally symmterical
-crown has more than half the MD dimension of the maxillary incisors, but labiolingual diameter is only about 1mm
less
-single root is very narrow MD but the root and crown are wide labiolingually
...
-Contact Areas: Mesial – in the incisal 3rd, very near the incisal angle
Distal – in the incisal 3rd, but cervical to the level of the MCA
-labial face is smooth with flattened surface at the incisal 3rd, more convex middle 3rd and narrows down to the
convexity of the root at the cervical portion
-M and D root outlines are straight with the M and D outlines of the crown
-root terminates in a small pointed taper, in most cases curving distally
...
-no developmental lines mark the cingulum
...
-mesial surface of crown is convex and smooth at the incisal 3rd and is broad and flat at the middle 3rd
-mesial surface of root is flat just below CEJ
-root diameter is uniform through the cervical 3rd and part of the middle 3rd
...
-most roots have a broad developmental depression for most of its root length, depressions mostly deeper at the
junction of the middle and apical 3rd
...
Incisal Aspect
- illustrates bilateral symmetry; mesial half almost identical with distal half
...
(serves as identification)
-labiolingual diameter is always greater than mesiodistal width
...
-more of the labial surface maybe seen than the lingual surface
...
-Contact Areas: Mesial - incisal 3rd, near the incisal ridge
Distal – incisal 3rd, but more cervical to the level of the MCA
-root is tapering and apical end curved slightly to distal
Lingual Aspect (same as central )
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-crown titled distally on its root base
-small smooth cingulum
Mesial and Distal Aspects
-crown outline is triangular
-mesial side of crown longer than distal side, causing incisal ridge to slope downward towards distal
-tendency toward deeper concavity immediately above CEJ on the distal surface
-crown is longer than central, root is considerably longer
-tooth, is larger in all dimensions than central incisor
Incisal Aspect
-serves to identify mand lateral from mand central incisor
incisal edge is not at approximate right angles to the line bisecting the crown and root labiolingually
...
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-crown and root narrower lingually than labially
-CEJ shows a more even curvature, maybe straight for a short interval
-cingulum is large and sometimes pointed like a small cusp
-strongly developed marginal ridges, occasionally a well-developed lingual ridge at the center with two shallow
concavities, namely, mesial and distal linguial fossa
-root narrower than labial, mesial and distal surface of root is visible lingually
...
5mm
-root outline is conical, tapered or blunt pointed apex, may curve labially
-labial outline of root maybe almost perpendicular, with m,ost of the taper on the lingual side
...
-when cut cross-sectionally, mesial section shows greater labiolingual bulk; crowns gives impression of having all
the distal portion stretched to contact first premolar
...
-mesial crown outline nearly straight
-cusp angle is on a line with the center of the root; mesial cusp ridge is shorter
-crown slight bend distally
-root is shorter by 1 or 2mm than maxillary, apex more sharply pointed
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-flatter lingual surface, cingulum smooth and poorly developed, marginal ridges are less distinct,
-lingual ridge raised at the incisal 3rd only
-root is narrower than labial
Mesial Aspect
-crown outline is triangular
-less pronounced cingulum
-incisal portion is thinner labiolingually, thus cusp appears more pointed , cusp ridges more slender
-tip of cusp more nearly centered over root
-developmental depressions is more pronounced and sometime quite deep
Distal Aspect
- same as mesial except: less curvature of CEJ, less pronounced cingulum, less depressions on the root surface
...
-Contact Areas; Mesial- center of middle 3rd
Distal – middle 3rd, slightly more occlusal than MCA
-Mesial slope – straight and longer; distal slope – shorter and more curved
...
mesial developmental depression- mesial concavity on the crown and root
b
...
Mandibular First Premolar
-develops from 4 lobes; 3 buccal and one lingual lobe
-smallest posterior tooth in the oral cavity
Buccal Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-middle buccal lobe well-developed to a large pointed buccal cusp – M slope shorter than D slope
-same level of contact area M and D – center of the middle third
-mesial slope exhibits slight concavity (notch)
-mesial outline is straight or slightly concave
-tip of buccal cusp located a little mesial to the center of the crown
-distal outline slightly concave ; distal slope also exhibit slight concavity (notch)
-buccal surface of crown is more convex, with dev’tal depressions between 3 lobes, with B ridge at the center
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-crown and root tapers lingually;
-lingual cusp is always small thus, occlusal surface slopes greatly towards the lingual in a cervical direction
-lingual cusp though short and poorly developed, usually exhibits a pointed tip
...
-Grooves: MLDG; mesial dev’tal and distal (crescent-shaped) dev’tal grooves
-Fossae: mesial fossa (linear in form and more sulcate) and distal fossa (more circular)
-Pits: mesial and distal dev’tal pits with accessory supplemental grooves
-snake’s eye appearance
Mandibular Second Premolar
-has two types; 3-cusps type (develops from 5 lobes) and 2-cusps type (develops from 4 lobes)
-larger than first PM, monorooted – longer and larger than first PM
Buccal Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-shorter buccal cusps and less pointed that buccal cusp of first PM
-higher contact areas
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-lingual lobes well developed than first PM, exhibiting a well-develop lingual cusp/s
-3 cusps type: presents 2 lingual cusps: Mesiolingual and Distolingual cusp separated by a short lingual DG
...
MMR, DMR
-Grooves: central dev’tal groove (crescent-shaped)
-Fossa: mesial and distal fossa (circular)
-Pits: mesial and distal dev’tal pits
MAXILLARY MOLARS
-non succedaneous teeth
-develops from 4 lobes; 2 buccal lobes and 2 lingual lobes
-root: 2 buccal and 1 lingual
Maxillary First Molar
-located at the center of a fully developed adult jaw anteroposteriorly; “cornerstones” of the dental arches
-4 well-developed , functioning cusps (ML, MB, DL, DB)
-3 well developed, separated roots (MB, DB, Lingual)
Buccal Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-MB cusp: broader, slopes meet at an obtuse angle
-DB cusp : sharper cusp, smaller, may be as long and often longer than MB
-BDG divides the two cusps, ends in a buccal pit
-mesial outline nearly straight, distal outline is convex
-MCA – 2/3 distance from CEJ to tip of MB cusp
DCA – middle of the middle third
- root axes inclined distally, roots originate from a common root base (trunk)
-MB root apex in line with the tip of the MB cusp
-deep dev’tal groove on the root trunk
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-ML cusp- boarder, larger, longest, MD width is about 3/5 of the MD crown diameter
- a 5th cusp is attached to the ML cusp, approx
...
-buccolingual measurement is greater mesially than distally
-MB root is broad and flattened with blunt apex
-point of bifurcation is near the CEJ
-lingual root is longer , narrower and is banana-shaped, apex is rounded
Distal Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-crown taper distally on the buccal surface, less BL measurement than M
-DMR dips sharply cervically, no tubercles
-cusp tips within the confines of the root trunk
-DB root is narrower than MB
-bifurcation is more apical apical
Occlusal Aspect
-crown outline is rhomboidal; wider mesially than distally and wider lingually than buccally
-four major cusps- arrange accdg to size: ML, MB, DL, DB, fifth cusp
- 3 primary cusps (ML, MB and DB) forms the Maxillary Molar Primary Cusp Triangle (Cope Osborn Theory)
- DL and 5th cusp – considered as secondary cusp
-Ridges: cusps ridges, MRs; MBTR, DTR and MTR of ML cusp, DBTR, DLTR, Transverse ridge,
Oblique R ( formed by the DBTR and DTR of ML cusp)
-Grooves: CDG, BDG, LDG, FCG, distal oblique groove, TGOR
-Fossa: 2 major – central and distal fossa; 2 minor – MTF and DTF
-Pits: central pit, mesial and distal dev’tal pit
...
resembles first molar – extreme rhomboidal outline occlusally (most common)
2
...
-roots do not spread as far as buccolingually, being within the confines of the BL crown outline
Maxillary Third Molar
-often appears as a developmental anomaly, varies in shape, size, contour and position
-crown is smaller than second molar, shorter cervico-occlusally and narrower mesiodistally
...
-3 functioning cusps, 2 buccal and 1 lingual
-one large lingual cusp with no lingual groove
-measurement from CEJ to marginal ridge is short
-heart-shaped occlusal outline; presents many supplementary grooves and many accidental grooves
...
-crowns are roughly quadrilateral, wider mesiodistally than buccolingually ( opposite for max molars)
Mandibular First Molar
-has five well-developed cusps: 2 buccal, 2 lingual and 1 distal cusp
-has tow well-developed roots: one mesial and one distal, very broad BL
Buccal Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-buccal cusps (MB and DB) and distal cusp roughly flattened, lingual cusps are higher
-2 grooves – MBDG ( between MB and DB cusps) and DBDG (between DB and D cusps)
-MBDG – short, terminates centrally , located a little mesial to the root bifurcation, ends in a pit
-DBDG – longer, terminates at the cervical 3rd, parallel to the axis of D root, rarely ends in a pit
-developmental depression is noticeable at the level of the ends of the grooves,
-buccal cervical ridge
-mesial root is curved mesially, distal root less curved
-presence of deep dev’tal on the buccal root trunk
Lingual Aspect
-crown outline is trapezoidal
-lingual cusps are higher and pointed, separated by LDG
-mesial outline convex, distal is straight
-roots appears longer, dev’tal depression on the root trunk is deep with bifurcation groove
Mesial Aspect
-crown outline is rhomboidal
-BL measurement of crown is greater mesially than distally
-crown has lingual tilt in relation to the root axis line
-buccal outline of crown is convex at cervical 3rd ( BCR ); lingual outline is straight
-mesial root is wider than distal root, with broad concavities on its root length and appears to be two roots fused
together
Distal Aspect
-crown outline is rhomboidal
-DMR is short, cusps ridges dips sharply in a cervical direction
-distal root is narrower BL than the mesial root
Occlusal Aspect
-roughly hexagonal
-crown dimension is greater MD than BL
-four major cusps : ML; MB; Db, DL; Distal cusp is still a functioning cusp
-Ridges: cusps ridges, MLTR, MBTR, DBTR, DLTR, DTR, MMR, DMR
-Grooves: CDG, MBDG, DBDG, LDG
-Foosa: Central, MTF, DTF
-Pits: CDP, MDP, DDP
Variations: presence of sixth cusp located between the 2 lingual cusp – tuberculum intermedium; if located on the
DMR between the distal cusp and DL cusp – tuberculum sextum
Mandibular Second Molar
-develops from 4 lobes; 2Buccal and 2Lingual = MB, ML, DL, DB cusps of nearly equal in development
-smaller than 1st molar = shorter cervico-occlusally and narrower mesiodistally
-no distal cusp, thus one BDG
-less pronounced BCR
-occlusally, rectangular in form, BDG and LDG meets CDG at right angles, grooves forms a cross occlsually
-roots are narrower and not as widely separated as 1 st molar, distally inclined
Mandibular Third Molar
-varies considerably in size and position
-sometimes presents 5 or more cusps – Mulberry molars – wrinkled occlusally
-buccal cusps are short and rounded, maybe fused for all or part of their length
-roots maybe oversize , short and poorly formed
DECIDUOUS DENTITION
Maxillary Central Incisor
-crown MD diameter is greater than cervico-incisal
-well developed MRs and highly developed cingulum which extends toward the incisal edge
-crown appears thick mesially and distally
-root is cone-shaped with tapered sides, length is greater than crown length, with blunt apex
Maxillary Lateral Incisor
-similar to central , crown smaller in all directions
-cervico-incisal length greater than mesiodistal
-root is much longer in proportion to its crown
Mandibular Central Incisor
-crown is wide in proportion to its length
-lingually - well developed MRs and pronounced cingulum with slight lingual fossa
-pronounced cervical third (M and D)
-root is long and evenly tapered, is almost twice the length of the crown
Mandibular Lateral Incisor
-larger in all measurements than central except labiolingual (same as central)
-lingual fossa more concave,
-incisal ridge slopes downward distally
Maxillary Canine
-crown constricted at the cervix, has long, well-developed and sharp cusp, M slope is longer than D cusp slope
-pronounced lingual anatomy ( MRs, cingulum and lingual ridges with ML and DL fossae
-LL measure is greater at the cervix
-root is long, slender and tapering and is more than twice the crown length
Mandibular Canine
-crown and root is shorter than maxillary
-thicker at the cervix; narrower labiolingually than maxillary
-less pronounced cervical ridges
-distal slope longer than distal slope
Maxillary First Molar
-form varies from that of any tooth in the permanent dentition
-smaller than dec maxillary 2nd molar
-crown and root is at the narrower cervix
-occlusal outline buccally is slightly scalloped with no definite cusp form
-with little or no evidence of developmental grooves
-MD dimension buccally greater than lingual; narrower distally than mesially
-pronounced convexity on the cervical 3rd of buccal surface of crown (BCR- typical for all deciduous molar)
--roots are slender and long, spread widely,
-tri-rooted, trifurcations begins immediately at the CEJ (typical for deciduous molars)
-cusps= ML (longest), MB, DB, DL (small and rounded)
-occlusal- has central fossa, MTF and DTF, with central pit, MP and DP,
-grooves: CDG, BDG bet, 2 buccal cusps, distal dev’tal groove
-oblique ridge ( MLTR and DBTR)
Maxillary Second Molar
-resembles permanent max