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Title: Infection in compromised hosts
Description: Notes on the topic of infection in compromised host for a clinical microbiology module taught on the third year of a biomedical science degree course. Notes cover fungal and parasitic infections in compromised hosts.
Description: Notes on the topic of infection in compromised host for a clinical microbiology module taught on the third year of a biomedical science degree course. Notes cover fungal and parasitic infections in compromised hosts.
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Infections in compromised hosts
Compromised hosts are individuals with one or more defects in their body’s natural defenses
against microbial invaders
...
The host can be compromised due to; defects, accidental or
intentional, in the body’s innate defence mechanisms, of deficiencies in the adaptive immune
response
...
Primary immunodeficiency is rare
...
Primary defects of innate immunity
include congenital defects in phagocytic cells or complement protein synthesis
...
Causes of secondary adaptive immune deficiency include; malnutrition,
infections, neoplasia, and certain medical treatments
...
Candida is an
opportunistic pathogen
...
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is are and is a persistent but non-invasive
infection of mucous membranes, hair, skin and nails in patients, often children, with a
specific defect in T-cells rendering them allergic to candida
...
Diminished
sensitivity to these agents may occur after repeated use
...
Oropharyngeal candidiasis generally responds to treatment with antifungal
mouthwash (eg
...
Those who do not respond can be treated with fluconazole
...
Gastrointestinal candidiasis is seen in
patients who have undergone major gastric or abdominal surgery and in those with
neoplastic disease
...
Antemortem diagnosis is difficult as many patients are asymptomatic
in the early stages of the disease
...
Disseminated disease is
often fatal
...
Patients with lymphoma and leukaemia are most at risk of
developing disseminated candidiasis
...
Immunocompromised patients are often given antifungal therapy blindingly if they
have fever and fail to respond to broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents
...
Is a cause of invasive disease in compromised patients, usually in
neutropenic patients or those receiving high-dose corticosteroids
...
Infection is spread by the airborne route, and the lung is
the site of invasion in almost every case
...
Diagnosis involves;
microcopy culture, antigen detection, PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, and lung
biopsy
...
Outbreaks of hospital acquired infection have been reported especially in relation to recent
building work
...
Protozoan infections in compromised hosts
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes human disease, it causes significant but
self limiting diarrhoea in healthy people, but severe and chronic diarrhea in severely
immunocompromised individuals, eg
...
Combined antiretroviral
therapy in individuals with AIDS infected with cryptosporidium improves diarrhoea
symptoms
...
Nitazoxanide is
effective in HIV negative patients but is only partially active inthose co-infected with HIV
...
Cystiospora bellu responds to co-trimoxazole cyclospora cayetanensis responds
to co-trimoxazole and partially responds to ciprofloxacin
...
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common cause, although encephalitozoon intestinalis
also occurs
...
Where feasible, immune reconstitution is the mainstay of
treatment
Title: Infection in compromised hosts
Description: Notes on the topic of infection in compromised host for a clinical microbiology module taught on the third year of a biomedical science degree course. Notes cover fungal and parasitic infections in compromised hosts.
Description: Notes on the topic of infection in compromised host for a clinical microbiology module taught on the third year of a biomedical science degree course. Notes cover fungal and parasitic infections in compromised hosts.