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Professione Volare

Domande
Data:

Nome Allievo:

Pagina domande 1 di 85

Human Factor

Professione Volare Domande
246) Which one of the following statements characterizes a
democratic and cooperative leadership style?
If conflicts evolve, the leader

A

decides what to do and pushes his own opinion through

B

tries to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all
persons involved

C

mainly tries to reconcile all persons involved in the conflict
and tries to reestablish a nice and friendly atmosphere within
the team

D

keeps a neutral position and does not participate in arguing

257) Which of the following statements regarding
interpersonal interactions are correct?
-1 If the sender finds the receiver competent, he/she
tends to
reduce verbal redundancy content of his sentences
-2 If the interlocuter is of non-native tongue, the sender
will reinforce
what he is saying by using more complicated words
so as to
optimize understanding
-3 If he/she finds him incompetent, he tends to simplify
the content
of sentences
-4 Simplification of check list in a crew who know each
other
essentially takes place in the case of interpersonal
conflict
The correct statement(s) is (are):

Human Factor

254) Early symptoms of hypoxia could be:
1
...
decreased rate and depth of breathing
3
...
visual disturbances

A

1,2 and 4 are correct

B

1,3 and 4 are correct

C

1,2,3 and 4 are correct

D

1,2 and 3 are correct

253) The rate and depth of breathing is primary regulated by
the concentration of:

A

water vapour in the alveoli

B

oxygen in the cells

C

carbon dioxide in the blood

D

nitrogen in the air

252) Which component(s) is/are transporting the oxygen in
the blood?

A

Hemoglobin in the red blood cells
...


A

1 and 2 are correct

C

Plasma
...


C

3 and 4 are correct

D

1 and 3 are correct

251) Pulse rate is influenced by the following factors:
1
...
Cortisol
3
...

4
...
angular acceleration
2
...
noise

A

essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off
phase

A

2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false

B

tends to occur at the end of the mission as a result of a
relaxation in the operators' attention

B

1 and 2 and 3 are correct
2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

C

C

only affects certain personality types

D

1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

D

may occur at any moment of the flight

Pagina domande 2 di 85

Professione Volare Domande

Human Factor

249) Which symptom does not belong to the following list:

244) A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress
factors can perceive:

A

leans

A

stressors

B

bends

B

distress (stress reactions)

C

chokes

C

coping stress

D

creeps

D

eustress

236) How would you call the leadership style of a captain who
primarily is interested in a friendly atmosphere within
his crew, who is always constructive and encouraging,
who usually compromises in interpersonal conflicts,
who trusts in the capabilities of his crew-members, and
who leaves the crew freedom for own decisions, even if
this makes the process more difficult?

243) Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach
and intestinals can lead to:

A

A

barotitis

B

decompresion sickness

Low task-orientation and low relationship-orientation

C

barosinusitis

B

Low task-orientation and high relationship-orientation

D

pressure pain or flatulence

C

High task-orientation and low relationship-orientation

D

High task-orientation and high relationship-orientation

242) With regard to decompression sickness associated with
flight, we know that :

A

physical activity after decompression reduces the risks of
decompression sickness symptoms to appear

B

age, obesity and scuba diving are risk factors

C

scuba diving does not pose any problem for a subsequent
flight

D

sex is the prime risk factor, with two out of every three
women being sensitive to it

247) Our mental model of the world is based

A

on both our past experiences and our motor programmes

B

on both our past experiences and the sensory information
we receive

C

entirely on the sensory information we receive

D

entirely on past experiences

241) With regard to short-term memory, we can say that :

260) The development of procedures makes pilots more
effective and more reliable in their actions
...
flying in IMC
2
...
flying from IMC into VMC
4
...
000 ft and measure the decrease
of the pressure per 5
...
The absolute difference in
barometric pressure is greatest between :

A

10
...
000 feet

B

45
...
000 feet

C

0 and 5
...
000 and 10
...
bad night's sleep
2
...
day flight Amsterdam - Johannesburg
4
...

1
...

2
...


Pagina domande 4 di 85

A

1 and 2 are both not correct

B

1 and 2 are both correct

C

1 is correct 2 is not correct

D

1 is not correct 2 is correct

Professione Volare Domande

Human Factor

277) Having a serious cold, you are going to fly
...


B

blood circulation to the brain is slowed down

B

He/she has not to adjust to the communication style of the
communication partner
...


D

There is no need to make up one's mind before starting to
communicate
...

When is this the case?

A

During descent as well as during climb, when the cabin
pressure altitude is exceeding 2 000 FT

B

More frequent when flying above 18 000 FT in a nonpressurized aircraft
...


D

Only in pressurized aircraft when flying at higher flight levels
...
The
reason for this is:

273) Which of the following mechanisms regulate body
temperature when expored to extreme high
environmental temperatures?
-1 : Shivering
-2 : Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
-3 : Sweating
-4 : Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels

A

1,3,4

B

2,3

C

1

D

3,4

Pagina domande 5 di 85

A

swollen tissue in the inner ear will increase the rate of
metabolic production resulting in hyperventilation

B

because it will seriously affect peripheral vision

C

the tissue around the nasal end of the Eustachian tube is
likely to be swollen thus causing difficulty in equalising the
pressure within the middle ear and the nasal/throat area
...
If
the tissue in the Eustachian tube of the ear is swollen,
gentle descents at high alltitude would result in damage to
the ear drum

Professione Volare Domande
268) Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot
get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover from a
spin? He will get the illusion of

A

climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin

B

spinning into the opposite direction

C

spinning into the same direction

D

straight and level flight

Human Factor

263) A certain amount of water vapor saturated air (i
...

intestinal gases) is transported from sea-level up to 34
000 ft
...

-2 : Optimum performance is obtained with optimum
arousal
...

-4 : Insufficient stress weakens performance
...


B

Listen attentively and solve a problem
...


D

Read and listen attentively
...
Personal experience tends to alter the perception of
the risk of an event occurring
2
...
The group to which an individual belongs tends to
influence the particular decision
4
...
The monotony of the task
2
...
A lack of stimulation
4
...
Which psychological consequence is most
likely?

A

His/her self-concept is going to change because of new
roles and tasks which have to be incorporated
...


C

The increased command authority leads to a higher
professionalism
...


205) What is a stressor?

209) An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the
blood leads to:

A

The adaptation response of the individual to his environment

B

An external or internal stimulus which is interpreted by an
individual as beeing stressful

C

All external stimulation are stressors since they modify the
internal equilibrium

D

A psychological problem developed in a situation of danger

A

an improving resistance to hypoxia

B

shortness of breath

204) Most accidents are mainly caused by lack of:

C

a decrease of acidity in the blood

A

physical skills

D

a reduction of red blood cells

B

interpersonal relations

C

good maintenance of aircraft

D

good judgement

Pagina domande 7 di 85

Professione Volare Domande
203) Angular accelerations are picked up in the inner ear by

Human Factor

A

the cochlea

198) During a final approach under bad weather conditions,
you feel dizzy, get tingling sensations in your hands
and a rapid heart rate
...
e
...


B

Stressors accumulate thus increasing the likelihood to
exhaustion
...


D

Stress should always be avoided under any circumstances
...


B

Tightening of muscles, ducking the head and perform a kind
of pressure breathing
...


D

Take an upright seat position
...
08 % blood alcohol is safe, since driving is
safe up to this limit

B

no flying under the influence of alcohol

201) Incapacitation caused by barotrauma from gaseous
expansion after decompression at high altitude may be
associated with the following part(s) of the body:
1 the digestive tract
2 the ears
3 the eyes
4 the sinuses

C

flying with up to 0
...
15 % blood alcohol

B

1,2,3

C

2,3,4

D

2,4

192) Which of the following statements are correct ?
1 Hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities
...

3 Shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a
certain
extent, but uses up a lot of energy
4 Disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a
body
temperature of less than 35°C

223) The "gestalt laws "formulates :

A

basic principles governing how objects are mentally
organized and perceived

B

basic principles governing the relationship between stress
and performance

A

2,4

B

2,3,4

C

basic principles governing the effects of habit and experience

C

1,3,4

D

basic principles regarding to the relationship between
motivation and performance

D

1,2,3

191) Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the
result of:

234) The process of responding to a sender by confirming
the reception of a message is called

A

feedback

A

undergoing positive G

B

redundancy

B

gazing in the direction of a flashing light

C

synchronization

C

normal deterioration of the semicircular canals with age

D

transference

D

simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres

376) When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should

A

make up his mind before consulting other crew members

B

take as much time as he needs and is available to make up
his mind

C
D

always make up his mind quickly to give himself as much
spare time as possible

233) What are the main effects of a lack of sleep loss on
performance ?

A

It causes muscular spasms

B

It reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss
greater than 48 hours

C

It increases fatigue, concentration and attention difficulties,
the risk of sensory illusions and mood disorders

D

It increases fatigue and concentration difficulties, but
facilitates stress management by muscular relaxation,

avoid making up his mind until the very last minute

232) Hypoxia will effect night vision

Pagina domande 9 di 85

A

and causes hyperventilation

B

at 5000 FT

C

less than day vision

D

and causes the autokinetic phenomena

Professione Volare Domande
231) Which of the following symptoms can mark a beginning
hyperventilation?

A

Slow heart beat

B

Slow rate of breathing

C

Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger nails)

D

Dizzy feeling

A

can only be controlled by medical treatment

B

is purely physiological and automatic

C

may include various psychological and physiological
elements which one can learn to manage

D

is always linked to excessive fear

229) 1
...

2
...

1 and 2 are false

B

1 is false, 2 is correct

C

1 and 2 are correct

D

1 is correct, 2 is false

228) The body loses water via:
1
...
the kidneys

227) The planning and anticipation of future actions and
situations makes it possible to:
-1 : create a precise reference framework
...

-3 : automate planned actions
...

The correct statement(s) is (are):

230) Stress is a reaction to adapt a specific situation
...
The desease requiring a treatment may be cause for
disqualification
...
Flight conditions may modify the reactions of the
body to a
treatment
...
Drugs may cause adverse side effects impairing flight
safety
...
The effects of medicine do not necessarily
immediately
disappear when the treatment is stopped
...


B

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

C

1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

D

3 and 4 are false, 1 and 2 are correct
...
decompression sickness
2
...
hypoxia
4
...


B

2, 3 and 4 are correct
...


D

1, 2 and 3 are correct
...
Beeing in control of one's own situation
2
...
Success (achievement of goals)
4
...


B

Stress always creates a state of high tension which
decreases cognitive and behavioural performance
...


215) What is meant by the term 'complacency'?

A

Physiological consequences on pilots because of fear of
flying

B

Careless negligence or unjustified self-confidence

C

To question possible solutions

D

An agreement between captain and co-pilot due to Crew
Resources Management

Pagina domande 11 di 85

Professione Volare Domande
214) What are the most frequent and the least appropriate
reactions on the part of a co-pilot when faced with a
highly authoritarian captain ?
1
...
A scapegoat feeling
3
...
Disengagement

Human Factor

351) If you approach an airfield VFR at a prescribed altitude,
exactly following the approach procedure, and you
encounter no inexpected or new problems you show:

A

knowledge based behaviour

B

rule based behaviour

A

3,4

C

rule and skill based behaviour

B

1,3,4

D

skill based behaviour

C

2,3,4

D

1,2

350) To facilitate and reduce the time taken to access
information in long-term memory, it is helpful to:

283) The risk of getting a spatial disorientation is growing,
when

A

there is contradictory information between the instruments
and the vestibular organs

B

the pilot is buckled too tight to his seat and cannot sense the
attitude changes of the aircraft by his Seat-of-the-PantsSense

C

the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check
and is ignoring illusions

D

informations from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are
ignored

225) Breathing 100% will lift the pilot's physiological safe
altitude to approximately:

A

structure irrelevant information as much as possible before
committing it to memory

B

avoid to rehearse information which we know we will need
soon

C

mentally rehearse information before it is needed

D

learn and store data in a logical and structured way

349) In order to minimize the effects of crossing more than 34 time zones with a layover more than 24 hrs, it is
advisable to :
1
...
Keep in swing with the rhythm of the departure
country for as long as possible
3
...
Try to sleep as much as possible to overcome
negative arousal effects

A

45 000 ft

B

38 000 ft

A

2,3

C

10 000

B

1,3

D

22 000 ft

C

2,4

D

1,4

340) The "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense"

A

is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the
correct body position in space

B

can be used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space

C

can be used as a reference for determining attitude when
operating in visual and instrument meteorological conditions

A

Listening errors
...


C

Radio failure
...


348) A study by NASA has examined the relationships
between incidents linked with ground-to-crew
communication
...
to execute several mental activities at almost the
same time (i
...
when switching attention from outside
the aircraft
to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel)
2
...
e
...
to select information and check if it is relevant to the
task in hand
...

4
...
Decrease in sensory perception
2
...
Sensation of muscular heaviness
4
...

The effects of aging

A

will not affect a pilot's hearing if he is wearing ear-plugs all
the time

B

are to cut out the high tones first

C

are to cut out the low tones first

D

are to cut out all tones equally

343) To optimise one's night-vision performance, it is
necessary :
- 1 : to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of
illumination
- 2 : to increase the instrument panel lighting by
reducing the
cockpit lighting
- 3 : not to focus on the point to be observed
- 4 : to avoid blinding

A

1,2,4

B

2,3,4

C

2

D

1,3,4

A

1,3

B

1,4

330) A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism
on stimulation of receptors is called:

C

2,3

A

data processing

D

2,4

B

control system

C

change of stimulation level

D

reflex

345) Which of the following symptoms could a pilot get,
when he is subjected to hypoxia?
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...


A

1, 2 and 3 are correct

B

4 and 5 are correct

C

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

D

Only 5 is false

341) Dry air is a mixture of gases
...


A

creeps

B

Inconsistent communication behaviour improves flight safety
...


C

chokes

D

D

bends

Problems in the personal relation between crew members
very likely hamper their communication process
...


approach is lower than normal and may result in a short
landing

B

to misjudge the length of the runway

C

approach is higher than normal and may result in a long
landing

D

to drop far below the glide path

A

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare
gases

B

78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare
gases

C

78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare
gases

D

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,03% carbon dioxide, rest:
rare gases

A

lymph

B

serum

C

water

D

plasm

a greater sensitivity

B

a greater selectivity

C

a lesser selectivity

D

a lesser sensitivity

A

Objects seem to be much bigger than in reality

B

There is no difference compared with flying on a clear and
sunny day

C

It is difficult to determine the size and speed of objects

D

Objects seem to be closer than in reality

332) A large number of medical preparations can be bought
without a doctor´s prescription
...
g
...

Possible danger is:

A

334) Rising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ
means:

A

They have no side effects which would give problems to a
pilot during flight

B

The side effects of these types of preparations are
sufficiently negligible as to be ignored by pilots

C

They will cause a condition of over-arousal

D

A pilot using any of these preparations should get
professional advice from a flight surgeon if he intends to fly
and self-medicate at the same time

281) A fatigued pilot

A

is acting similar as when encountering a state of depression

B

will get precordial pain

C

considerably increases the ability to concentrate

D

will show signs of increased irritability

Pagina domande 14 di 85

Professione Volare Domande

Human Factor

342) Although the anticipation of possible events is a good
attitude for pilots to acquire, it can sometimes lead to
hazardous situations
...


B

anticipating that the flight will take longer time than planned

C

lower than in the blood

C

anticipating the sequence of items on a check list
...
on objective and subjective criteria
2
...
on the risks associated with each solution
4
...
The
reason for this is:

A

an increase up to 10,000 ft followed by a sudden pressure
drop above that altitude

A

swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from
ventilating through the tympanic membrane

B

an increase which is inversely proportional to the decrease
in atmospheric pressure

B

swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent
hearing loss

C

an identical decrease to that for atmospheric pressure

C

pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly
during fast descents

D

a decrease which is three times faster than the decrease in
atmospheric pressure

D

gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the
ear drum

373) With regard to illusions due to perceptive conflicts, it
may be said that they:

A

are caused by a conflictual disagreement concerning
attitudinal perception between the various members of a crew

B

are mainly due to a sensory conflict concerning perception
of the vertical and the horizontal between the vestibular and
the visual system

C

originate from a conflict between instrument readings and
external visual perceptions

D

are caused by the absence of internal visual cues exclusively

Pagina domande 15 di 85

Professione Volare Domande
368) What elements establish synergy within the crew ?

A

Synergy establishes itself automatically within the crew, right
through from briefing to debriefing

B

Synergy is independent of the natural individual
characteristics of the group members (communication,
mutual confidence, sharing of tasks, etc
...
an increase of respiratory activity
2
...
an increase of cardiac output
4
...
The intention is:

A

to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lung

B

to reduce blood pressure

C

to raise the level of CO2 in the blood as fast as possible

D

to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen

Pagina domande 16 di 85

Professione Volare Domande

Human Factor

359) Adaptation is

355) We can observe the following in relation to a state of
hypothermia :

A

the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of
illumination

A

a rapid fall in ambient temperature

B

the change of the diameter of the pupil

B

greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere

C

the reflection of the light at the cornea

C

reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls
below 37°C

D

the adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the
retina

D

a substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas
peripheral temperature at the skin is stable

358) The purpose of action plans which are implemented
during briefings is to:

329) The kinesthetic sense does not orient an individual to
his surroundings, but informs him of

A

activate a collective mental schema with respect to nonprocedural actions to be carried out

A

the relative motion and relative position of his body parts

B

initiate procedures and reactions for situations that are most
likely, risky or difficult during the flight

B

a touch on the skin

define general planning of the flight plan

C

our surroundings

C
D

D

the condition in the body itself

allow everyone to prepare their own reactions in a difficult
situation

357) The effects of sleep deprivation on performance:
1
...
decrease with altitude
3
...
decrease with higher workload

366) A system is all the more reliable if it offers good
detectability
...

-2 : the sum of the automatic monitoring, detection and
warning facilities
...

-4 : the alerting capability of the Man-Machine interface
...

-2 : The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of
the check
list
...

-4 : Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should
be
applied
-5 : Critical points should have redundancies
...

-2 : send information in line with the receiver's decoding
abilities
...

-4 : avoid increasing the number of communication
channels, in
order to simplify communication
...
avoiding cabin altitudes above 18 000 FT
2
...
performing physical exercises before and during the
flight
4
...
obesity
2
...
smoking
4
...
It is
much more important in general aviation

B

2 and 3 are correct, 1 and 4 are false

D

is cited in approximately 70 - 80 % of aviation accidents

C

Only 3 is correct, 1, 2 and 4 are false

D

1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

331) When the pilot suffers from hypothermia (loss of cabin
heating):

A

his need for oxygen will be increased as long as he stays
conscious

B

his oxygen need will not be affected

C

his oxygen need will be reduced giving him a better
tolerance to hypoxia at higher altitudes

D

his oxygen need will be raised and his tolerance to hypoxia
will be increased

290) Oxygen in the blood is primarily transported by

A

attaching itself to the hemoglobin in the white blood cells

B

the hemoglobin in the red blood cells

C

the blood plasma

D

attaching itself to the hemoglobin in the red blood plasma

289) The cabin pressure in airline operation is

294) To prevent vertigo in flight we should

A

look towards the sides when we make a turn

A

normally not exceeding 6 000 to 8 000 feet

B

breath deeply but control the respiratory frequency

B

normally not exceeding 2 000 to 3 000 feet

C

keep breathing normally

C

normally not exceeding 4 000 to 5 000 feet

D

not move the head suddenly while we are turning

D

always equivalent to sea level

307) "Tunnel vision" (loss of peripherical vision) can be
observed if a pilot is subjected to more than:

288) Hypoxia can be prevented when the pilot

A

is relying on the body's built in warning system recognizing
any stage of hypoxia

- 3
...
5 Gx

C

will not exceed 20 000 FT cabin pressure altitude

D

- 3
...
000 feet

A

+ 3
...


328) In case of in-flight stress, one should :

A

this has to be rejected for the company draws the rules and
the procedures they have to comply with

A

demonstrate aggressiveness to stimulate the crew

B

B

always carry out a breathing exercise

this has to be advised against for it reduces flexibility at a
moment a problem has to be solved by improvisation
...


B

Sit in upright position and keep relaxed
...


D

A tilt back seat
...


B

The objective threat of the situation
...


D

The subjective evaluation of the situation by the individual
...
This
period is at least:

321) Cognitive evaluation which leads to stress is based on:

A

24 hours

A

the capabilities of the individual and the solutions provided
by the environment

B

6 hours

B

C

12 hours

the evaluation of the situation and the evaluation of
capabilities to cope with it

D

48 hours

C

the evaluation of the situation and the the state of fatigue of
the individual

D

the evaluation of the capabilities of the individual and the
time available

320) A pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways
only
...
Sharing and common task
2
...
Precise definition of functions associated with each
crew
members role

A

1,2

B

2,3

C

1,2,3

D

1

316) What is synergy in a crew ?

A

The coordinated action of unrelated individual performances
in achieving a non-standard task

B

The uncoordinated action of the crewmembers towards a
common objective

C

The coordinated action of all members towards a common
objective, in which collective performance is proving to be
more than the sum of the individual performances

D

A behavioural expedient associated with the
desynchronisation of the coordinated actions

315) Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by:

A

a blocked Eustachian tube

B

pressure differences on both sides of the eardrum

C

reduced mobility of the ossicles

D

damage of the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to
overexposure to noise

Pagina domande 21 di 85

Professione Volare Domande

Human Factor

314) Alcohol metabolism (elimination rate)

309) After a rapid decompression at an altitude of 30
...
0
...
0
...


B

Use moderate administration of tranquillizers before flight
...


C

The most important items should be placed at the beginning
of a check list since attention is usually focused here

D

Always consult a psychotherapist before the next flight
...
Heredity
2
...
Upbringing
4
...


B

Lack of adaptation
...


D

The interference of reasoning and perceptive functions
...


B

Interaction, cognition, redundancy
...


D

Redundancy, synergy, clarification of responsibility
...
Qualitative decision-making
2
...
Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not
exceeded
4
...
)

A

2,3,4

B

1,4

C

1,2

D

3,4

26)

A

triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week

B

double the resting heart rate for at least 20 minutes, three
times a week

C

avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the
heart

D

double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a
week

25)
30)

The primary factor to control the rate and depth of
breathing is the:

A

pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

B

partial pressure of nitrogen

C

partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

D

total air pressure in the blood

29)

The capacity of the short-term memory is

A

very limited - only one item

B

about 30 items

C

unlimited

D

about 7 items

24)

A pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of
time may even get unconscious
...

The evolution of bubbles of nitrogen coming out of
solution in body tissues can be derived from:

A

Boyle Mariotte´s law

A

there is a low CO-pressure in the blood

B

Dalton´s law

B

he is flying a tight turn

C

Gay Lussac´s law

C

there is an increased blood flow to the brain

D

Henry´s law

D

the pilot is emotionally aroused
23)

28)

When focussing on near objects:

A slight lack of coordination which can make it difficult
to carry out delicate and precise movements occurs
when the level of alcohol in the blood is exceeding

A

the pupil gets larger

A

0
...
05 % blood alcohol

C

the shape of lens gets flatter

C

0
...
15 % blood alcohol

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67)

A pilot will get hypoxia

64)

Human Factor
The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of
approximately
34 000 ft is :

A

after decompression at high altitude and not taking additional
oxygen in time

A

10,5%

B

after decompression to 30 000 feet and taking 100 %
oxygen via an oxygen mask

B

42%

C

if his rate of climb exceeds 5 000 ft/min

C

21%

D

if he is flying an unpressurized airplane at an altitude of 15
000 feet and breathing 100 % oxygen

D

5%

33)

Mental training, mental rehearsal of cognitive
pretraining is called the inner, ideomotor simulation of
actions
...
Psychosomatic means that a physiological problem is
followed
by psychological stress
...
Psychosomatic complaints hardly occur in
professional
aviation because of the strict selection for this
particular
profession
...
) are called:

61)

When accelerating in level flight we could experience
the sensation of a

A

hyperventilation

B

barotrauma

A

climb

C

ebulism

B

descent

D

hypoxia

C

turn

D

spin

65)

Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion,
is toxic because

A

it prevents the absorption of food from the digestive tract

B

it prevents the excretion of catabolites in the kidneys

C

it disturbs gaseous diffusion at the alveoli capillary
membrane

D

it competes with oxygen in its union with haemoglobin

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60)

Our body takes its energy from :
1: minerals
2: protein
3: carbonhydrates
4: vitamines

Human Factor

44)

During the preparational work in the cockpit the captain
notices that his copilot on the one hand is rather
unexperienced and insecure but on the other hand
highly motivated
...


B

Complete adaption to the heat in a hot country takes about a
fortnight
...


D

Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high
...

Please mark those indicating hypoxia:

A

Dull headache and bends
...


C

Visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria
...


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51)

The time between inadequate oxygen supply and
incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful
Consciousness)
...
The most
important reason for this advise is:

A

varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude

A

your blood-pressure is too low after blood-donation

B

is the same amount of time for every person

B

your heart frequency is too low after blood-donation

C

is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure

C

you are more susceptible to hypoxia after a blood-donation
...
Blue lips and finger nails
...
Euphoria
...
Flatulence
...
Unconsciousness
...


D

only the primary effect has to be considered; side effects
are negligable

B

1, 3 and 4 are correct
...


D

1, 2 and 3 are correct
...
damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by
infection or trauma
2
...
an obstruction in the auditory duct
4
...
The correct counter-measure is:

A

57)

A

1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

B

1,3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false

C

1,2,3 and 4 are correct

D

2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false

138) Excessive exposure to noise damages:

A

the sensitive membrane in the cochlea

B

the semi circular canals

C

the ossicles

D

the eardrum

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137) A pilot approaching an upslope runway

A

may feel that he is higher than actual
...


B

is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long

C

establishes a higher than normal approach speed

D

establishes a slower than normal approach speed with the
risk of stalling out

136) What is "divided attention"?

A

Ease of concentrating on a particular objective

B

Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective

C

The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's
attention being dispersed

D

Alternative management of several matters of interest

135) What counter-measure can be used against a
barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis)?

A

Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby
increasing the pressure in the mouth and throat
...

-2: The period of time for which information is retained
is limited by
the frequency with which this same information is
used
...

-4: Pre-activation of necessary knowledge will allow for
a reduction
in access time
...
Drowsiness, dizziness
2
...
Headaches
4
...
Nausea

A

2, 3 and 4 are correct

B

only 1 is correct

C

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are correct

D

only 3, 4 and 5 are correct

134) What are the most frequent results of an self-centred
captain on the flight deck ?

131) The semicircular canals detect

A

Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to
an increase of cooperation and efficiency

A

linear accelerations

B

In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may
react by disengaging, showing delayed responses or
demonstrate the scapegoat effect

B

changes in arterial pressure

C

angular accelerations

D

sound waves

C

High group performance despite the strained relations

D

A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is inassertive
130) Hypoxia effects visual performance
...
C
...
O
...
people tend to conform to opinions expressed by a
majority
within the group they belong to
2
...
people more easily tend to select data which meet the
expectations
4
...
the work of the heart
2
...
the elasticity of the arterial walls
4
...

Which percentage of his total oxygen transportation
capacity would he give away when he smokes one pack
of cigarettes a day?

126) Mental schemes correspond to:

A

the memorisation of regulatory procedures associated with a
particular situation

B

memorised procedures which develop and change rapidly
during change-over to a new machine

C

daily planning of probable dangerous situations

D

memorised representations of the various procedures and
situations which can be reactivated by the pilot at will

A

12 - 18%

B

20 - 25%

C

5 - 8%

D

0
...
Vitamin deficiencies may decrease night vision
performance
2
...
Pilots should be carefully concerned to take a balaced
diet
containing sufficient vitamin A
4
...


B

30 to 60 seconds

C

15 seconds or less

D

5 minutes
...
Establish and maintain an effective instrument crosscheck
...
Believe the instruments
...
Ignore illusions
...
Minimize head movements
...
000 feet

B

25
...
000 - 12
...
000 feet

15)

you inhale too much nitrogen

B

the percentage of oxygen is lower at altitude

C

you are hyperventilating

D

you are getting toomuch solar radiation

Information stays in the short-term memory

A

around 24 hours

B

about 20 seconds

C

less than 1 second

D

from 5 to 10 minutes

139) Which of the following behaviours is most disruptive to
teamwork under high workload conditions in the
cockpit?

Hypoxia can occur because:

A

14)

11)

A

Mentally absent
...


C

Disciplined
...


9)

When stopping the rotation of a spin we have the
sensation

Illusions of interpretation (cognitive illusions) are :

A

due mainly to a conflict between the various sensory systems

B

due mainly to a poor interpretation of instrumental data

A

of turning in the same direction

C

solely induced in the absence of external reference points

B

of the sharp dipping of the nose of the aircraft

D

C

of the immediate stabilization of the aircraft

associated with the task of mental construction of the
environment

D

that we are starting a spin into the opposite direction

13)

How is haze effecting your perception?

A

Objects seem to be further away than in reality
...


C

Haze makes the eyes to focus at infinity

D

Objects seem to be closer than in reality
...
000 feet
...
This is unsafe, because:

A

will not stimulate the "seat-of-the-pants" sense

A

your judgement could be impaired

B

corresponds with the sensation a pilot gets when starting a
climb or performing a level turn

B

the blood-pressure can get too high

C

corresponds with the sensation a pilots gets, when flying
straight and level or starting a descent

C

the blood-pressure can get too low

D

you will get the bends

D

makes the pilot to pull up the nose to compensate for level
flight
1)

6)

Stress is a response which is prompted by the
occurence of various stressors
...
g
...
000 feet, the time
of useful consciousness would be about:

A

5 to 10 minutes

B

10 to 12 minutes

C

1 to 2 minutes

D

3 to 5 minutes

Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms
of decompression sickness occur?

A

Only medical treatment is of use

B

Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary

C

Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as
possible

D

Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the
symptoms to disappear before climbing again

143) In order to overcome an overload of work during the
flight, it is necessary to:
-1 : know how to use one's own reserve of resources in
order to
ease the burden on the crew
...

-3 : abandon automatic mode and instead process as
much
information as possible consciously
...

The correct statement(s) is (are):

A

3 and 4 are correct

B

1, 2 and 4 are correct

C

1 and 3 are correct

D

1, 2 and 3 are correct

142) Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide
poisoning?

A

A very early symptom for realising carbon monoxide
poisoning is euphoria
...


C

Inhaling carbon monoxide leads to hyperventilation
...


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A

1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

161) Learning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot
because he is lacking experience
...
nervousness and chanellized attention
2
...
smoke and drink much more alcohol than usual
4
...
Descend below 10 000 FT
...
Breathe 100 % oxygen
...
Climb to or above 10 000 FT
...
Reduce physical activities
...


B

believing your body senses only
...


D

looking outside whenever possible ignoring the attitude
indicator
...
hyperventilation
2
...
hypertension
4
...


B

Encoding
...


D

Coding
...
the duration of the G-forces
2
...
the magnitude of the G-forces
4
...


A

Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C

B

Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flashblindness

C

Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A

D

Wait at least 60 minutes to night-adapt before he takes off

A

1,2,3 are correct, 4 is false

150) A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than
normal may feel he is at a greater height than he actually
is
...

-2 : Improving the way in which error is taken into
account in training
...

-4 : Improving recovery from errors and its
consequences
...
5
seconds

D

to ignore messages for other aircraft

A

1 and 2

B

2, 3 and 4

C

1, 2 and 4

D

3 and 4

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Human Factor

148) What happens in problem-solving when the application
of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved ?

66)

A

A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the
results

A

the conditions of the current situation only

B

B

A switch is made to knowledge- based mode in order to
continue monitoring of the problem

the subjectiv evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to
cope with it

C

A second monitoring rule must be applied

C

the objectiv evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to
cope with it

D

Actions return to an automatic mode

D

the pilot's increasing level of arousal

147) Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by:
1
...
Obesity
3
...
Body height

A

2 and 4 are correct

B

1, 3 and 4 are correct

C

only 4 is correct

D

1, 2 and 3 are correct

The individual's perception of stress depends on:

154) Stress is above all :

A

a response by man to his problems, which automatically
leads to a reduction in his performance

B

a phenomenon which is specific to modern man

C

the best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for
responding to the various situation which he may have to
face

D

a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control

176) Vertigo is the result of
146) Studies of human error rates during the performance of
simple repetitive task have shown, that errors can
normally be expected to occur about

A

"Oculogyral illusion"

A

1 in 50 times

B

"Autokinetic-illusion"

B

1 in 100 times

C

"Elevator illusion"

C

1 in 250 times

D

"Coriolis-effect"

D

1 in 10 times

145) The symptoms of hyperventilation are caused by a:

187) In the absence of external reference points, the
sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving
when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is
moving is called :

A

shortage of CO2 in the blood

A

somato-gravic illusion

B

surplus of CO2 in the blood

B

illusion of relative movement

C

surplus of O2 in the blood

C

autokinetic illusion

D

shortage of CO in the blood

D

cognitive illusion

144) With "vertigo" the instrument-panel seems to tumble
...
Repetition and omission
2
...
Intrusion and anticipation
4
...
A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be
aware of
personal performance degradation
2
...
Which substance
are we referring to?

A

Carbonic anhydride

B

Tar

C

Carbon dioxide

D

Carbon monoxide

A

Eustachian tube

B

Cochlea

C

Tympanic membrane

D

External auditory canal

164) According to Wicken's theory, the human brain has:

A

cognitive resources which are centered on action

182) The probability to suffer from air-sickness is higher,
when

B

processing capabilities which function at peak level when
different tasks call for the same resources

A

the student ist motivated and adapted to the specific stimuli
of flying

C

B

different reservoirs of resources depending on whether one
is in the information-gathering, information-processing or
action phase

the student has good outside visual reference

D

unlimited information-processing resources

C

the passenger or student is afraid and/or demotivated to fly

D

the passenger has taken anti-motion sickness remedies
prior flight

177) Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may

A

intensify the effects of the drugs

B

compensate for side effects of drugs

C

show undesired effects only during night flights

D

increase the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood

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Human Factor

165) In relation to the word ´stress´as it affects human
beings, which of the following responses is correct?

171) The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:

A

Reactive stressors relate purely to a pilot´s physical
condition
...


C

C

angular acceleration

´Stress´is a term used to describe how a person reacts to
demands placed upon him/her
...


175) Once a pilot has developed a certain way of thinking
about a problem he will probably

A

find it difficult to get out of that way of thinking and difficult to
try a different interpretation of the data

B

find it difficult to stick to his/her interpretation of the data

C

find it easy to interpret the data in different ways

D

find it impossible to get out of that way of thinking, whatever
happens

170) Between which components is an interface mismatch
causing disturbance of the biological rhythm, thus
leading to reduced human peformance?

A

Liveware - Hardware

B

Liveware - Software

C

Liveware - Liveware

D

Liveware - Environment

169) A selective attentional mechanism is required
174) Angular accelerations are perceived by:

A

because the capacity of the long term memory is limited

A

the receptors in the skin and the joints

B

because of the limitations of the sense organs

B

the semi circular canals

C

because of limitations in our store of motor programmes

C

the cochlea

D

because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker
and working memory

D

the otholits

173) What are the main limits of short-term memory ?
It is :
-1 : very sensitive to interruptions and interference
-2 : difficult to access
-3 : limited in size
-4 : subject to a biochemical burn-in of information

A

2,4

B

1,3 ,4

C

1,2 ,3

D

2 ,3

168) Please check the following statements:
1
...

2
...


A

1 is false, 2 is correct

B

1 and 2 are both false

C

1 is correct, 2 is false

D

1 and 2 are both correct

172) The time for dark adaptation is

167) The following applies for the physical properties of
gases:

A

10 min

A

at an altitude of 18 000 ft a gas volume is three times as
large as it would be at sea-level

B

30 min

B

C

10 sec

a water vapor saturated gas at 34 000 ft has 6 times its
volume as it would have at sea-level

D

1/10 sec

C

at an altitute of 63 000 ft water will boil at temperature of
65°C

D

at sea-level a gas has 1/3 of the volume it would have at
27000 ft

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Human Factor

114) Which of the following sentences concerning crewperformance is correct?

88)

A

Mistakes can always be detected and corrected faster by the
individual

A

a longer and less frequent exchange of information

B

B

a shorter and more frequent exchange of information

The quality of crew-performance is not dependent on socialcompetence of individual team members

C

a longer and more frequent exchange of information

D

a shorter and less frequent exchange of information

C

The quality of crew-performance depends on the socialcompetence of individual team members

D

To be a member of a team can not increase one's own
motivation to succeed in coping with task demands

178) Changes in ambient pressure and accelerations during
flight are important physiological factors limiting the
pilots performance if not taken into consideration
...
diffusion gradients between the participating gases
2
...
partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus air
4
...

-2 : be acceptable if it requires about 60 % of the crew
resources
...

-4 : correspond to the amount of resources available
The combination of correct statements is:

A

2, 3 and 4 are correct

B

1, 3 and 4 are correct

C

1 and 3 are correct

D

2 and 4 are correct

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83)

An individually given feedback improves
communication
...


B

The feedback should always relate to a specific situation
...


D

The receiver of the feedback should immediately justify his
behaviour
...
000 feet remains at 21 %; but the partial pressure of
oxygen :

A

remains constant, independent from altitude

B

increases by expansion

C

decreases significantly with lower temperatures

D

decreases with decreasing barometric pressure

116) According to the different phases of the "General
Adaptation Syndrom" check the following statements:
1
...
e
...
During the resistance phase the parasympathetic
system uses a different type of hormone (cortisol)
assisting to convert fat into sugar thus providing
sufficient energy supply to the brain and body cells for
sustained operation
...
During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given
time to eliminate the waste products which have been
generated excessively during the two preceeding
phases,

A

1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

B

only 1 is correct

C

2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

D

1,2 and 3 are correct

79)

Human Factor
Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by

A

dizziness

B

noises in the ear

C

pain in the joints

D

a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing
pressure

92)

The average pulse of a healthy adult in rest is about:

A

90 to 100 beats/min

B

110 to 150 beats/min

C

60 to 80 beats/min

D

30 to 50 beats/min

77)

The procedure to be followed in the event of
decompression when flying above 10,000 ft must :

A

make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the
sudden pressure changes

B

allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent the
pilot becoming hypoxic

C

allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply
of oxygen in order to prevent disorders due to hypoxia

D

make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the
inhalation of 100 % oxygen

76)

In the following list you will find several symptoms
listed for hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning
...


A

Headache, increasing nausea, dizziness
...


C

Euphoria, accomodation problems, blurred vision
...


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Human Factor

75)

You are transporting a passenger who has to be at a
certain destination for a meeting
...
The businessman offers you
money if you manage to land there at any case
...


A

1 and 3

D

continue and think about the nice things you can buy from
the money

B

2, 3 and 4

C

1,2 and 4

D

1 and 2

74)

Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in
aviation shows that :

A

only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation

B

failure of the human factor is always connected with
technical breakdowns

C

there is hardly ever a single cause responsible

D

only front-line operators are involved

73)

hypoxia

B

eustress

C

distress

D

adaptation

70)

The occurrence of pain in the joints (bends) during
decompression can be explained by the principle that:

A

a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of
this gas at constant temperature (Boyle's law)

B

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum
of the partial pressures of the separate gases (Dalton's Law)

C

the molecules of a gas will move from an area of higher
concentration or partial pressure to an area of lower
concentration or partial pressure (law of diffusion)

D

the quantity of a gas dissolved in a fluid is proportional to the
pressure of that gas above the fluid (Henry's Law)

69)

When a pilot is starring at an isolated stationary light for
several seconds in the dark he might get the illusion
that:

A

the size of the lightis varying

B

the intensity of the light is varying

C

the colour of the light is varying

D

the light is moving

What are the main consequences of latent errors? They:
-1 : remain undetected in the system for a certain lenght
of time
...

-3 : are quickly detectable by the front-line operator
whose mental
schemas on the instantaneous situation filter out
formal errors
...

The correct statement(s) is (are):

If coping with a stress situation is impossible, one will
remain in the state of:

A

72)

71)

Which of the following characteristics apply to shortterm memory ?
- 1 : It is limited in time and size
- 2 : It is unlimited in time and limited in size
- 3 : It is stable and insensitive to disturbances
- 4 : It is limited in time and unlimited in size

A

2,3

B

1

C

1,3

D

3,4

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80)

Human Factor

Of the following statements, which apply to coordinated
cooperation?
-1 : It allows for synergy in the actions between the
captain and the
pilot
...

-3 : Communication in this mode has the function of
synchronizing
actions and distributing responsibilities
...


112) How can a pilot overcome a vertigo, encountered during
a real or simulated instrument flight?
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...


The correct statement(s) is (are):

A

1,2 and 4

B

2 and 3

C

1 and 4

D

1 and 3

A

1and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

B

Only 4 is correct

C

1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct

D

1, 2 and 3 are correct

111) Sensory input to the "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is given
by

A

subcutaneous pressure receptors and kinesthetic muscle
activity sensors

102) During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your
acuity of vision has decreased
...


D

pressure of the heart on the diaphragm

B

closing one eye

C

scanning sectors of the field of vision

110) Short term memory can already be affected when flying
as low as:

D

dim the instrument lights

A

12000 FT

B

15000 FT

C

20000 FT

D

8000 FT

113) General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by the
following phases :
-1 : alarm
-2 : alert phase
-3 : resistance phase
-4 : exhaustion phase
-5 : vigilance phase

A

2,3,4,5

109) The relationship between arousal and flying
performance is

B

1,3,4

A

approximately linear increasing

C

2,3,4

B

approximately exponential

D

1,2,4,5

C

approximately sinusoidal

D

approximately the form of an inverted U

108) Which is the audible range to human hearing?

A

Between 16 Hz and 20 MHz

B

Between 16 Hz and 20 KHz

C

Between 16 MHz and 20 000MHz

D

Between 16 KHz and 20 KHz

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107) Which part of the ear could be affected due to air
pressure changes during climb and/or descent?

A

The sacculus and utriculus

B

The eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

C

The semicircular canals

D

The cochlea

91)

Human Factor
Approaches at night without visual references on the
ground and no landing aids (e
...
VASIS) can make the
pilot believe of beeing

A

lower than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting

B

lower than actual altitude with the risk of ducking under

C

higher than actual altitude with the risk of landing short
("ducking under")

D

higher than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting

106) Cigarette smoking has particular significance to the
flyer, because there are long-term and short-term
harmful effects
...

When hyperventilating you should

A

descend

B

apply the Valsalva method

C

use the oxygen mask

D

control your rate and depth of breathing

90)

With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal
or overstress:

A

more oxygen will reach the brain

B

peripherical and scotopic vision will be improved

C

an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing
muscular spasms and even unconsciousness

D

finger nails and lips will turn blue ("cyanosis")

103) What is the procedure above 10
...

-2 : only when faced with real, existing and palpable
phenomenon
...

-4 : because of the similarity with a formerly experienced
stressful
situation
The correct statement(s) is (are):

A

3,4

B

1,2

C

2, 3

D

1,2,4

95)

good visibility only

B

visual memory only

C

the "blind spot" at the retina

D

seeing with two eyes (binocular vision)

94)

1 is not correct, 2 is correct

B

1 and 2 are both not correct

C

1 and 2 are both correct

D

1 is correct, 2 is not correct

A

A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for
insufficient knowledge in complete safety

B

A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance

C

However, excessive motivation leads to stress wich adversly
affects performance

D

Motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions

377) Hyperventilation is due to an excessive rate of breathing
and can produce the following symptoms:

A

blue finger-nails and lips

B

dizziness, tingling sensation in the fingers and toes, nausea
and blurred vision

C

reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity

D

a state of overconfidence and reduced heart rate

A

making decisions independently of others

B

they are not constrained by time

C

making a flight over unfamiliar territory

D

they are part of a group of pilots and they feel that they are
beeing observed and admired (e
...
air shows)

622) Glaucoma is characterised by:
1
...
progressive narrowing of the visual field
3
...
an increase in intra-ocular pressure

1
...

2
...


A

Motivation is a quality wich is often considered vital in
the pilot's work to maintain safety
...
eyes
2
...
semicircular canals
4
...
This causes the blood

A

to accelerate the oxygen supply to the brain

B

not to change at all

C

to become more alkaline increasing the amount of oxygen to
be attached to the hemoglobin at lung area

D

to turn more acid thus eliminating more oxygen from the
hemoglobin

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612) What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the
stress reactions?
-1 : increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline
secretion
...

-3 : a decrease in stress resistance
...

-5 : secretion of cortisol to mobilize attention
...
the cardiac output
2
...
Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
2
...
g holding of
trajectory)
3
...
g holding of flight path)
4
...


D

an increased lung ventilation

618) Stress may be defined as:

A

a normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt
to encountered situations

B

a poorly controlled emotion which leads to a reduction in
capabilities

C

a psychological phenomenon which only affects fragile
personalities

D

a human reaction which one must manage to eliminate

617) Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilot's job
...
Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan
of action
and does not immediately have a solution
2
...
Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be
able to
find a solution for the problem he just is confronted
with

A

1, 2 and 3 are correct

B

Only 1 is false

C

1 and 2 are correct, 3 is false

D

1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false

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616) Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heat is
technically supplied by coating the exhaust

B

is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines
because of high engine efficiency

C

only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes

D

occurs only above 15 degrees OAT

Human Factor

624) Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments
when approaching on a snowed up, foggy or cloudy
winterday? Because

A

the danger of a "greying out" will make it impossible to
determine the height above the terrain

B

pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong
information

C

perception of distance and speed is difficult in an
environment of low contrast

D

his attention will be distracted automatically under these
conditions

615) Flying a coordinated level turn will

A

make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure
along the body`s vertical axis

646) What is decompression sickness ?

B

make the body`s pressure receptors feel an increased
pressure along the body`s vertical axis

A

A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the
pressurisation curve of modern aircraft

C

first give the impression of climb , then the impression of
descent

B

A disorder which is solely encountered below 18,000 ft

D

make the blood being pooled in the head

C

The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no
consequences for people's capabilities

D

An sickness resulting from the formation of nitrogen
bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after a cabin pressure
loss at high altitude

614) In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently
correct explanation for the problem
...
anaemia
2
...
carbon monoxide poisoning
4
...

-2 : They are rich and adapted to the context, which
sometimes
lead to ambiguities
...

-4 : Context provides meaning, therefor reduces the risk
of
ambiguities
...
What is the correct action to
prevent vertigo?

B

1 and 4 are correct

A

C

1 and 3 are correct

Depend on information from the semicircular canals of the
inner ear, because those are the only ones giving correct
information

D

2 and 3 are correct

B

Depend on the instruments

C

Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then
breathe normal again

D

Concentrate on the vertical speedometer

652) Vibrations can cause blurred vision
...
Reduced competence in manually controlling the
aircraft
2
...
Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick
4
...

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

A

With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon
monoxide poisoning will be compensated
...


C

Carbon monoxide is odourless and cannot be smelled
...


645) Dizziness and tumbling sensations, when making head
movements in a tight turn, are symptoms of
"Pilot`s vertigo"

B

"Nystagmus"

C

"Flicker-vertigo"

D

"Oculogravic illusion"

644) Contrary to a person's personality, attitudes:

A

are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the
result of the actions associated with them

B

are essentially driving forces behind changes in personality

C

Are the product of personal disposition and past experience
with reference to an object or a situation

D

form part of personality and that, as a result, they cannot be
changed in an adult

643) TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:

647) What is the Time of Useful Consciouness ?

A

Human Factor

A

the time between the start of hypoxia and death

B

the length of time during which an individual can act with
both mental and physical efficiency and alertness;
measured from the moment at which he is exposed to
hypoxia

C

the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden
pressure loss

D

the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness
sets in

642) Informal roles within a crew

A

characterize inefficient crews

B

evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among
crew members

C

are explicitely set out by the crew

D

do not impair the captain's influence

641) An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as
exciting in a positive sense and by another pilot as
threatening
...
When
approaching a smaller and/or narrower runway, the pilot
may feel he is at a

Human Factor

575) Affinity to hemoglobin is best with:

A

carbon dioxide

B

carbon monoxide

C

nitrogen

D

oxygen

586) 1
...

2
...


A

1 is not correct 2 is correct

B

1 and 2 are both correct

C

1 is correct 2 is not correct

D

1 and 2 are false

585) Which of the following systems are involved in the
appearance of motion sickness ?
-1 : Hearing
-2 : The vestibular system
-3 : Vision
-4 The proprioceptive senses "Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense")
-5 : The gastrointestinal system

A

greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land
short

B

lower than actual height with the tendency to overshoot

C

greater height and the impression of landing short

A

1,2,5

D

lower height and the impression of landing slow

B

2,3,4

C

1,2,3

D

2,3,4,5

611) Which of the following applies when alcohol has been
consumed?

A

Small amounts of alcohol increase visual performance

B

Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100%
oxygen is taken

C

Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol,
normal cautionary attitudes may be lost

D

Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination
rate of alcohol

584) Someone who has anaemia has:

A

not enough functional hemoglobin

B

not enough platelets

C

not enough plasma

D

not enough white blood cells

648) The trend in airplane hull-loss rate over the last three
decades seems to be related to :

A

the manufacturer

583) Under normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse
from the blood to the alveoli:

B

the number of engines

A

nitrogen

C

the year of manufacture

B

oxygen

D

the crew

C

carbon dioxide

D

carbon monoxide

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Human Factor

582) Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC

578) How do you understand the statement 'one cannot not
communicate'?

A

will improve the pilots depth perception

A

You cannot influence your own communication
...


C

can cause disorientation

C

D

can cause colour-illusions

Beeing silent as well as inactive are nonverbal behaviour
patterns which express a meaning
...


581) Which of the following statements best characterise a
self-centered cockpit ?

A

The communication between crew members always
increases when the captain takes charge of a situation

B

While decreasing communication, the independence of
each member bolsters the crew's synergy

C

Without taking note of what the other members are doing,
each one does his own thing while at the same time
assuming that everyone is aware of what is being done or
what is going on

D

The egocentric personality of the captain often leads to a
synergetic cockpit

580) 'Environmental capture' is a term used to describe
which of the following statements?
1
...
The tendency for a skill acquired in one aircraft type to
be
executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is
inappropriate to do
so
3
...
The gaining of environmental skills

613) The eustachian tube is the passage way between the

A

nose, pharynx and inner ear

B

nose, pharynx and the external auditory canal

C

sinuses and the pharynx

D

nasopharynx and the middle ear

576) On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will

A

expand

B

stay the same

C

shrink

D

be absorbed by tissues and blood

589) Autokinesis is

A

the automatical adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects
situated at different distances

B

the apparent movement of a static single light when stared
at for a relatively long period of time in the dark

A

4 is correct

C

the phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol

B

1 and 2 are correct

D

the change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark

C

1, 2 and 3 are correct

D

2 and 3 are correct

574) After a decompression to 43 000 FT the TUC (Time of
Useful Consciousness) will be approximately:

579) Which statement is correct? Crew decision making is
generally most efficient, if all crew members concerned

A

adapt their management style to meet the situational
demands

B

are always task oriented

C

are always relationship oriented

D

always ask the captain what to do

A

5-15 seconds

B

30-45 seconds

C

45-60 seconds

D

60-90 seconds

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573) Which sensations does a pilot get, when he is rolling
out of a coordinated level turn?

A

Flying straight and level

B

Climbing

C

Turning into the original direction

D

Descending and turning into the opposite direction

Human Factor

569) The following course of action must be taken if
gastrointestinal or cardiopulmonary complaints or pain
arise before take-off :
-1 : take the standard medicines and advise the doctor
on
returning from the flight
-2 : assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the
help of a
doctor
-3 : if in doubt about fitness to fly - do not fly!
-4 : reduce the cabin temperature, and drink before you
are thirsty
so as to avoid dehydration

572) Equalization of pressure is limited between the middle
ear and the ambient, when:

A

2,3

A

the nose is pinched

B

1,3

B

you breath through the mouth

C

1,4

C

barotrauma exists in the sinuses

D

1,2,4

D

the eustachian tube is blocked
568) How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?

571) What may be the origins of representation errors ?
1
...
The catering for all available information
3
...
The receipt of a bad piece of information

A

3,4

B

2,3

C

1,3,4

D

1,2

ZT (zonal time)
...


C

LT (local time)
...


Always try to catch outside visual cues
...


C

Rely on the kinaesthetic sense
...


567) Subcutaneous pressure receptors are stimulated by:

570) Flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a layover of 4 days
...
day?

A

A

A

the pressure created on the corresponding body parts when
sitting, standing or lying down

B

a touch on the skin indicating the true vertical

C

environmental stressors

D

the condition of the body itself

375) Which of the following statements summarises the
impact that motivation may have on attention ?

A

It only facilitates attention in extreme cases (risk of death)

B

Motivation has only a small effect on attention, but it
facilitates alertness

C

It stimulates attention but may lead to phases of low arousal

D

It increases the mobilisation of energy and thus facilitates
the quality of alertness and attention

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Human Factor

577) What is the main adverse effect of expectations in the
perception mechanism ?

608) Flying immediately after SCUBA diving involves the risk
of getting:

A

The unconscious mechanism of attention leads to focus on
all relevant information

A

hyperventilation

B

The attention area is enlarged, thus it will lead to an
uncertainty in regard to necessary decisions

B

hypoxia

C

stress

C

Expectations often guide the focus of attention towards a
particular aspect, while possible alternates are neglected

D

decompression sickness without having a decompression

D

They always lead to routine errors
607) To prevent the "autokinetic phenomena", the following
can be done:

599) The intended recipient of a message must:
-1 : give priority and adapt to the sender's situation
...

-3 : be able to reject or postpone a communication
attempt if
the pilot is too busy
...

The combination of correct statements is:

A

1,2 and 4 are correct

B

1 and 2 are correct

C

2 and 3 are correct

D

3 and 4 are correct

A

look out for additional references inside and/or outside the
cockpit using peripheral vision also

B

fixate the source of light, first with one eye, then with the
other

C

look sideways to the source of light for better fixation

D

turn down cabin light and shake head simultaneously

606) With regard to the practice of English, which of the
following statements is correct?

A

The composition of every crew should be geared to a
command of the official aeronautical language of the
destination country
...


610) In terms of decision-making, the intention to become
integrated into the team, to be recognised as the leader
or to avoid conflicts may lead to :

C

Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this
allows for effective management of any flight's
communication
...


B

the improvement of internal risk assessment capabilities

C

the suggestion of a sequential solution in which everyone
can contribute what he/she knows

D

the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew
members

609) Which procedure is recommended to prevent or
overcome spatial disorientation?

A

Tilt your head to the side to get better informations from the
semicircular canals
...


C

Get adapted to low levels of illumination before flying and
use off-center vision all the time
...


605) Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for :

A

red vision, both during the day and at night

B

good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min)

C

good, virtually instantaneous night-vision (scotopic vision)

D

precise vision of contours and colours

604) What triggers stress in humans?

A

Only strong excitations of the sensory organs: a flash of
light, noise, the smell of smoke

B

Always the awareness of an emotion and a physiological
activation (e
...
rapide heart rate)

C

The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation
experienced

D

Objective stimulation from the environment regards of
subjective perceptions

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Human Factor

603) Human errors are frequent and may take several forms :

598) The decision making in emergency situations requires
firstly:

A

an error of intention is an error of routine

A

speed of reaction

B

an violation is an error which is always involuntary

B

informing ATC thoroughly about the situation

C

representational errors in which the pilot has properly
identified the situation and is familiar with the procedure

C

the whole crew to focus on the problem

D

an error can be described as the mismatch between the
pilots intention and the result of his/her actions

D

distribution of tasks and crew coordination

602) Oxygen, combined with hemoglobin in blood is
transported by

A

white blood cells

B

red blood cells

C

platelets

D

blood plasma

reduce failures

B

narrow the span of attention

C

improve performance

D

lead to better decision-making

600) Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by
changes in gravity and linear acceleration?

A

The semicircular canals

B

The cochlea

C

The eustachian tube

D

The sacculus and utriculus

A

+ 3 Gz

B

- 3 Gz

C

+ 3 Gx

D

+ 3 Gy

596) Which behaviour does most likely promote a
constructive solution of interpersonal conflicts?

587) In a complex task high levels of arousal

A

597) "Grey out" can be observed if a pilot is subjected to
more than:

A

Active listening
...


C

Staying to the own point of view
...


595) Which of the following statements is correct ?

A

40% of information processed by man enters via the visual
channel

B

The kinesthetic channel provides the most important
information for flying

C

70% of information processed by man enters via the visual
channel

D

Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man

588) Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), the
effects of adjustment to destination time :
1
...
are longer for eastern rather than western flights
3
...
may vary greatly between individuals

594) The errors resulting from an irrational indexing system
in an operations manual are related to an interface
mismatch between

A

Liveware - Liveware

A

1,3

B

Liveware - Software

B

1,4

C

Liveware - Hardware

C

2,3

D

Liveware - Environment

D

2,4

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593) The needs of an individual lead to :

Human Factor

659) What should a pilot do if he has no information about
the dimensions of the runway and the condition of the
terrain underneath the approach? He should

A

prolonged suppression of all basic needs in favour of high
self-actualization

A

make a visual approach and call the tower for assistance

B

a change in the individuals motivation and consequently to
an adaptation of the behaviour

B

be aware that approaches over water always make the pilot
feel that he is lower than actual height

C

preservation from dangers only if social needs are beeing
satisfied

C

make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory
effects that can be induced

D

no change in his motivation and conrequently to the
persistence of the individuals behaviour in regard to the
desired outcome

D

be aware that approaches over downsloping terrain will
make him believe that he is higher than actual

592) Gases of physiological importance to man are:

601) How can man cope with low error tolerant situations?

A

oxygen and carbon monoxide

A

By randomly applying a combination of optimum detection,
warning and monitoring systems

B

oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor

B

C

oxygen and carbon dioxide

By generally avoiding situations in which tolerance to error is
low

D

nitrogen and carbon dioxide

C

By constantly complying with cross-over verification
procedures (cross monitoring)

D

By increasing error detection in all circumstances

591) The cognitive effects of stress may include :
-1 : excessive haste
...

-3 : a complete block: action is impossible
...

-5 : ease of decision-making
...

The combination which brings together all correct
statements is :

A

1,3,4,6

B

1,2,5

C

2,3,5,6

D

3,4,5

716) What is the TUC at 20 000 FT?

A

1to 2 hours

B

5 to 10 minutes

C

about 30 minutes

D

1 to 2 minutes

727) What is understood by air-sickness?

590) The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled
by:

A

An illness caused by an infection of the middle ear

B

A sensory conflict within the vestibular system accompanied
by nausea, vomiting and fear

C

An illness caused by evaporation of gases in the blood

D

An illness caused by reduced air pressure

A

the cornea

B

the lens

C

the pupil

726) What does not impair the function of the photosensitive
cells?

D

the ciliary body

A

Oxygen deficiency

B

Acceleration

C

Toxic influence (alcohol, nicotine, medication)

D

Fast speed

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Human Factor

725) Which part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for
the impression of angular acceleration?

720) Breathing pure oxygen (without pressure) will be
sufficient up to an altitude of:

A

The eustachian tube

A

60000 FT

B

The semicircular canals

B

80000 FT

C

The cochlea

C

38000 FT

D

The sacculus and utriculus

D

45000 FT

724) In the alveoli gas exchange takes place (external
respiration)
...


Oxygen
...


C

Carbon monoxide
...
000 ft
...


D

It activates the senses and makes them function better
...


B

723) If someone hyperventilates due to stress his blood will
get:

A

more alkaline

B

less satured with oxygen

C

more satured with carbon dioxide

D

more acid

722) With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke
volume of 70 ml the cardial output is about:

A

6 liters/min

B

7 liters/min

C

8 liters/min

D

5 liters/min

721) Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving (compressed
gas mixtures, bottles) (>10 m depth)

706) Concentration is essential for pilots
...


A

It is thought that it will be possible to eliminate errors in the
near future

B

Human errors are now considered as being inherent to the
cognitive function of human and are generally inescapable

C

Human errors can be avoided
...
Density
2
...
Temperature
4
...
low partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere
when flying at
high altitudes without pressurisation and
supplemental oxygen
2
...
blood pooling in the lower extremities due to inertia (+
Gz)
4
...
e
...
This is because

A

the cupula will stay in place and give the correct impression

B

the fluid (endolymph) will preceed the accelerated canal
walls

C

the cupula will bend on constant angular speeds

D

the fluid (endolymph) within the semicircular canal lags
behind the accelerated canal walls

747) What are the various means which allow for better error
detection?
-1 : Improvement of the man-machine interface
...

-3 : Compliance with cross-over redundant procedures
by the
crew
...

The correct statement(s) is (are):

A

1and 3

B

2, 3 and 4

C

3 and 4

D

1, 2 and 3

746) Different non-technical related opinions between pilots
from different cultural backgrounds might be seen in
connection with:
-1 : the variations of technical training and skills
...

-3 : conflicting ways of management
...

The combination of correct statements is:

A

2,3 and 4 are correct

B

1, 2 and 4 are correct

C

only 1 is correct

D

2 and 3 are correct

745) "The Bends" as a symptom of decompression sickness
consists of:

A

pain in the joints

B

pain in the thorax and a backing cough

C

CNS-disturbances

D

loss of peripheral vision

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744) Air at an altitude of 18
...
On reaching your
destination there is a risk of performing a:

A

high approach with overshoot

B

high approach with undershoot

C

low approach with overshoot

D

low approach with undershoot

743) The confirmation bias of decision making is
738) The physiology of stress is now well known:

A
B
C
D

a tendency not to look for information which would reassure
oneself about a decision

A

a tendency to look for facts that confirm expectations before
implementing one's decision

stress slows down the production of sugar by the organism
and thereby slows down the heart rate

B

stress promotes an increase in physical strength rather than
promoting mental oerformance

C

the only stress hormone is adrenaline

D

stress develops in 2 stages: sublimation of performance and
then acceleration of heart rate and increase in vision

a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a
decision is poor;
a tendency not to seek for information which confirms a
judgement

728) We know that, in the mechanism of sight, the retina
allows for :

737) Symptoms of decompression sickness

A

the acquisition of the visual signal and the accommodation
process

A

are bends, chokes, skin manifestations, neurological
symptoms and circulatory shock

B

binocular vision

B

are only relevant when diving

C

the analysis of visual signals

C

can only develop at altitudes of more than 40000 FT

D

the acquisition of the visual signal and its coding into
physiological data

D

are flatulence and pain in the middle ear

741) The rate of absorption of alcohol depends on many
factors
...
It is about

A

0,02 - 0,05 mg % per hour

B

0,2 - 0,25 mg % per hour

C

0,3 - 0,35 mg % per hour

D

0,01 - 0,015 mg % per hour

736) Once detected, an error will result in cognitive
consequences which:

A

are prompted by inductive factors

B

have virtually no interaction with behaviour

C

make it possible to modify behaviour with a view to adaptation

D

destabilize cognitive progress and maintain the error

735) Tuned resonance of body parts, distressing the
individual, can be caused by

729) Working memory :

A

is unlimited in size

B

is unlimited in duration

C

varies considerably in size between an expert pilot and a
novice pilot

D

is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of
its content

A

angular velocity

B

vibrations from 1 to 100 Hz

C

vibrations from 16 Hz to 18 kHz

D

acceleration along the longitudonal body axis

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Human Factor

734) The first effect to be noticed on gradual exposure to
high positive radial accelerations is

742) In the event of rapid decompression the first action for
the flight deck crew is:

A

red-vision

A

don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow

B

grey-out

B

descent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA

C

loss of consciousness

C

transmit mayday call

D

black-out

D

carry out check for structural damage

733) The earth's atmosphere consists of different gases in
various concentration
...
95%
D 78,10%

669) In order to completely resynchronise with local time
after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require

A

more time when flying from east to west

B

about one day per 2
...
5 hours of time shift

D

less time when flying from east to west

680) What are the various factors which guide attention ?
1
...
Response time
3
...
Expectations

732) What is the main problem caused by positive (+Gz)
accelerations?

A

1,4

A

An increase in blood pressure in the upper part of the body
(above heart-level)

B

1,2

B

Hyperoxygenation of the blood which may lead to sensory
disorders

C

2,3,4

D

1,3,4

C

A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body, and
hence less blood available

D

An improvement of peripheral vision

679) The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half
the atmospheric pressure at sea level
...
The consequence is:

A

hyperventilation (the rate and depth of breathing will
increase)

B

cyanosis

C

hypoxia

D

vertigo

A

the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by
one half also

B

the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled

C

the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to
1/2 of the pressure of oxygen at sea level

D

the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by
50 % too

678) The atmospheric gas pressure
705) Haemoglobin is:

A

decreases slower at lower altitudes compared with higher
levels and equivalent altitude changes

B

drops faster at lower altitudes in comparison to the same
altitude changes at higher altitudes

A

dissolved in the plasma

B

in the white blood cells

C

in the red blood cells

C

rises with altitude

D

in the platelets

D

decreases linear with altitude

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Human Factor

677) Barodontalgia

673) The 'cocktail party effect' is

A

arises only at higher altitudes and after decompression

A

the ability to drink too much at social gathering

B

even arises with healthy teeth

B

the tendency to believe information that reinforces our
mental model of the world

C

arises in combination with a cold and very high rates of
descent

C

the tendency not to perceive relevant information

D

arises especially with irritations of the sensitive tissues
close to the root of a tooth

D

the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally

676) At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without
pressure) could symptoms of hypoxia be expected?

A

22 000 ft

B

Approximately 35 000 ft
...


D

Approximately 10 - 12 000 ft
...

-2 : be of a standard type so that it can be reused for
another flight
of the same type
...

-4 : be understandable to the other crew member(s)
...
Lively information is easier to take into consideration
for creating
a mental picture than boring information
...
The sequence in which information is offered is also
important for
the use the pilot makes of it
...
can lead to total blindness
2
...
reduces visual acuity in its final stage

A

1 and 3 are correct, 2 is false

B

2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false

C

1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false

D

1, 2 and 3 are correct

670) The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit
aircraft has:

A

improved man-machine communication as a result of flight
sensations

674) Which scanning technique should be used when flying
at night?

B

facilitated feedback from the machine via more concise data
for communication on the flight deck

A

Look to the side (15 - 20 deg) of the object
...


D

C

Blink your eyes
...


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Human Factor

683) A barotrauma of the middle ear is

665) In relation to hypoxia, which of the following
paraphrase(s) is (are) correct?

A

an infection of the middle ear caused by rapid
decompression

A

B

an acute or chronic trauma of the middle ear caused by a
difference of pressure on either side of the eardrum

This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to
meet the needs of the body tissues, leading to mental and
muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor
judgement and slow reactions

C

a bacterial infection of the middle ear

B

D

a dilatation of the eustachian tube

This is a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the
circulatory system to compensate by decreasing the heart
rate
...


668) The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is
21% which

A

is constant for all altitudes conventional airplanes can reach

B

decreases with increasing altitude

C

increases with increasing altitude

D

is dependent on the present air pressure

664) A high level of motivation is related

667) Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is 98%
...
decreasing air pressure
2
...
increasing altitude
4
...
When the pilot
is lacking of visual cues other than those of the
aerodrome there is an illusion of

703) Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells

A

are saturated with nitrogen

A

climbing

B

are saturated with oxygen

B

being too low, flying a steeper approach than normal

C

have a shortage of carbon dioxide

C

being too high and too far away, dropping low and landing
short

D

have a shortage of oxygen

D

being too close, landing long

660) Please check the following statements:
1
...
Activation stimulates a person to cope with it

A

1 is correct, 2 is not correct

B

1 is not correct, 2 is correct

C

1 and 2 are both not correct

D

1 and 2 are both correct

671) The rate of accidents in commercial aviation (excluding
sabotage and acts of terrorism) :

A

represents about fifty accidents around the world every year

B

is approximatively 1 accident per million airport movements

C

has improved considerably over the last fifteen years

D

is a long way short of the safety level of road transport

693) The severity of hypoxia depends on the:
1
...
physical fitness
3
...
individual tolerance

A

1,2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false

B

2,3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false

C

1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false

D

1,2,3 and 4 are correct

702) Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns
1
...
will make an individual more prone to make errors

A

1 and 2 are both not correct

B

1 and 2 are both correct

C

1 is not correct, 2 is correct

D

1 is correct, 2 is not correct

701) Why must flight safety considerations consider the
human error mechanism?
-1 : It is analysis of an incident or accident which will
make it
possible to identify what error has been committed
and by
whom
...

-2 : If we have a better understanding of the cognitive
error
mechanism, it will be possible to adapt procedures,
aircraft
interfaces, etc
...
The better we
understand the
underlying mechanism of an error, the better will be
our means
for detecting and adapting future errors
...

The correct statement(s) is (are):

704) Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient
decision making on the cockpit?

A

3 and 4

B

2 and 4

A

Ability to think ahead and specify alternative courses of
action
...


D

2 and 3

C

Communicational skills and social competence
...


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Human Factor

700) The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled
by:

696) Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the
human body?

A

the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood

A

B

An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of
alcohol
...


D

the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

C

Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a
small amount of alcohol
...


699) In order to provide optimum human performance it is
advisable to

A

plan future actions and decisions at least a couple of days in
advance

B

establish strategies for planning, automating and managing
resources (in real time)

C

plan a maximum of objectives and non-automated actions

D

avoid powerful behaviour expedient of automating tasks

698) What would be the priority aim in the design of manmachine interfaces and in the creation of their
application procedures for combatting problems
associated with human error ?

A

To put in place redundant alarm systems

B

To reduce the risks of the appearance or non-detection of
errors entailing serious consequences

C

To eliminate the risk of latent errors occuring

D

To cater systematically for the consequences of errors in
order to analyse their nature and modify ergonomic
parameters

697) What are the main characteristics of active errors ?
They :
1
...
have rapid and direct consequences on the action in
progress
3
...
have an impact on the overall action whose timing
may be
affected significantly

A

3,4

B

1,4

C

2,3

D

1,2

681) The chemical substance responsible for addiction to
tobacco is

A

the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide

B

nicotine

C

carbon monoxide

D

tar

694) The available cognitive resources of the human brain:

A

are virtually unlimited

B

allow for twin-tasks operation without any loss of
effectiveness

C

are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional
tasks at the same time

D

are limited but make it possible to easily perform several
tasks at the same time

682) You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27 m),
to an international airport (runway width 45 m)
...
Adaptation is a new state of equilibrium after having
coped with
a stressful situation
...
An individual's prospect of the situation and his/her
abilities to
cope with it will determine the type and strength of
stress
...
Which of following
answers is correct?

A

This symptom indicates decompression sickness and will
disappear when you take some exercise
...


C

This phenomenon is treated by breathing 100% nitrogen
...


685) Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving
equipment (> 10 m depth)

A

has no influence on altitude flights

B

is forbidden for the flight crew, because it leads to hypoxia

C

can cause decompression sicknesss even when flying at
pressure altitudes below 18 000 FT

D

prevents any dangers caused by aeroembolism
(decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes not
exceeding 30 000 FT

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Human Factor

684) Which of the following are the most favourable solutions
to manage phases of reduced or low vigilance
(hypovigilance)?
1
...
Use of amphetamines
3
...
Organising periods of rest during the flight

444) Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to
conflicts ?
1
...
Actively listening to other people
3
...
Becoming aware of cultural influences

A

1,4

A

2,3,4

B

1,2

B

2,4

C

1,3

C

1,2,4

D

3,4

D

1,2,3

564) Human behaviour is determined by:

443) "Pilot's vertigo":

A

cultural influences

A

B

biological characteristics, social environment and cultural
influences

a sudden loss of visual perception during flight due to
multiple irritation of the utriculus and sacculus at the same
time

B

the impression of climbing when banking

C

biological characteristics

D

C

the social environment

is a sensation of rotation during flight due to multiple
irritation of several semicircular canals at the same time

D

the impression of flying straight and level while the aircraft
is spinning

695) The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of
about:

A

1
...
mental blocks, confusion and channelized attention
2
...
deterioration in motor coordination
4
...
Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by
the crew
2
...
Communications are few in number but precise and
geared purely to the flight
4
...


B

Severe headache
...


D

Tingling sensations in arms or legs
...

-2 : testosterone secretion which enables fats to be
converted into
sugar
...

-4 : the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when
lasting over
a prolonged time
...
Dizziness
2
...
Visual disturbances
4
...

They

A

are completely unreliable for orientation when flying in IMC

B

indicate the difference between gravity and G-forces

C

allow the pilot to determine the absolute vertical at flight
condition

D

are important senses for flight training in IMC

461) Decision-making is a concept which represents :

465) The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according
to :
1 : physical activity of the subjected crew
2 : the experience of the pilot on the type of aircraft in
question
3 : the strength and time of decompression
4 : the cabin temperature

A

an automatic process of selection from among the various
solutions to a given problem

B

a spontaneous act of seeking the most effective solution in a
given situation when faced with a defined problem

C

a voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among
possible solutions, for a given problem

D

an automated or automation-like act of applying defined
procedures

446) The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are

A

4

A

hyperventilation

B

1,3

B

sensation of heat and blurred vision

C

1,2

C

breathlessness and reduced night vision

D

3,4

D

euphoria and impairment of judgement

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459) Long-term memory is an essential component of the
pilot's knowledge and expertise
...
attention
2
...
memory
4
...


B

Deciding means applying an automatic procedure
...


B

is never negative

D

Deciding means being able to come up with original
solutions
...


B

10-15 seconds

B

High and low blood pressure as well as a poor condition of
the circulatory system
...


D

5 minutes or more

D

Blood pressure problems cannot occur in aircrew because
they always can be treated by in-flight medication
...


D

Appearance of agressiveness

B

Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils, fast breathing
...


D

Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart
...


A

angular acceleration

A

Increase the rate of descent

B

radial acceleration

B

Stop chewing and swallowing movements ("Valsalva")

C

linear acceleration

C

Use drugs against a cold

D

vertical acceleration

D

Stop descending, climb again and then descend with
reduced sink rate

391) The photosensitive cells beeing responsible for night
vision are called:

A

the rods

B

the fovea

C

the cones

D

the cones and the rods

390) Which of the folllowing statements concerning
barotrauma are correct? They are:

386) The biological reaction to stress is identical regardless
of the cause of stress
...

The sequence is:

A

alarm phase - denial phase - exhaustion phase

B

exhaustion phase - resistance phase - adaptation phase

C

resistance phase - exhaustion phase - recovery phase

D

alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion phase

A

caused by an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen
associated with a decrease in altitude

385) The DECIDE model is based on :

B

more likely to occur during ascent then during a rapid
descent

A

a prescriptive generic model which is subject to
mathematical logic

C

mainly associated with a sink rate which exceeds the ability
of the body to balance its internal pressures

B

a normative generic model based on mathematical logic

D

due to pressure differentials between gases in hollow
cavities of the body and the ambient pressure

C

a statistical model based on observation of human decisionmaking

D

a prescriptive generic model, taking into account the method
which seems most likely to come up with the solution

425) Acute stress quickly leads to

A

a decrease in the amount of resources mobilized to face the
situation

384) The barometric pressure has dropped to 1/2 of the
pressure at sea level at

B

a permanent state of incapacitation

A

30 000 feet

C

a state of overactivation beyond the control of willpower

B

18 000 feet

D

the mobilization of resources required to cope with the
stressor

C

10 000 feet

D

25 000 feet

388) The person with overall responsibility for the flight is the
-1 Pilot in Command
-2 Co-pilot
-3 Navigator
-4 Air traffic controller
The correct statement(s) is (are):

383) You suffered a rapid decompression without the
appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms
...
000 cones per
mm are
located to give high resolution capacity

A

1,2,4

B

2,3,4

C

1,3

D

2,4

378) One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit
results in :

A

pilots disregarding the automatic equipment

B

constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring
tasks

C

less experienced crews because of more transparent
system details

D

complacency among the crewmembers

389) Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood
to carry oxygen
...


B

unconsciousness, black-out, tunnel vision and grey out
...


D

grey-out, unconsciousness, black-out and tunnel vision

421) An excessive need for safety

A

guarantees the right decision making in critical situations

B

hampers severly the way of pilot decision making

C

is absolute necessary for a safe flight operation

D

is the most important attribute of a line pilot

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420) The performance of the man machine system is above
all :

A

a balanced combination between someone actively engaged
in his work and automated systems which serve to control
the pilot's workload

B

a combination which must make the pilot available for the
sphere in which he is most qualified, namely checking
departures from the normal operating range

C

a combination in which the pilot must keep the main
repetitive tasks and automated systems under his control in
line with rule-based behaviour

D

a combination which is based on decreasing the pilot's
workload and increasing his time for supervision

Human Factor

415) The impression of an apparent movement of light
when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the
dark is called

A

"oculogyral illusion"

B

"oculografic illusion"

C

"autokinesis"

D

"white out"

414) The negative (radial) acceleration of an airplane affects
the sitting pilot with inertia along :

A

the transverse body axis to the right

419) The metabolisation of alcohol

B

the transverse body axis to the left

A

is a question of time

C

the vertical body axis upwards

B

is quicker when used to it

D

the vertical body axis downwards

C

can be accelerated even more by coffee

D

can be influenced by easy to get medication

418) Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying
solo?

399) During flight all crewmembers have one or more of the
following symptoms:
1
...
mental disturbances
3
...
reduction of peripheral vision
Which is the possible cause?

A

Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect
(hypoxia of the brain), the solo pilot may not be able to react
in time (i
...
activate his emergency oxygen system)

A

Hypoxia
...


B

Hypoxia does not cause a loss of control in steering the
plane
...


C

Hypoxia improves vision at night, so the pilot will have no
indication of danger
...


D

The pilot may loose control when he is using the oxygen
mask
...


405) Whilst flying a coordinated turn, most of your activity is

A

rule based behaviour

B

skill based behaviour

B

A moderate level of stress may improve performance
...


D

knowledge based behaviour

D

Domestic stress will not affect the pilot's performance
because he is able to leave this type of stress on the ground
...
flatulence
2
...
pressure vertigo
4
...
climb to higher level
2
...
breathe 100 % oxygen
4
...
000 feet
...
unbuckle and massage the belly
2
...
eat less gas forming food and avoid carbonhydrated
beverages
before flight in the future
4
...
The first
clinical signs only start to appear at 39°C

A

automatically oxygen is deployed into the cabin

B

temperature in the cockpit will increase

C

pressure differentials will suck air into the cabin

D

nitrogen gas bubbles can be released in the body fluids
causing gas embolism, bends and chokes

535) How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?

528) It is desirable to standardize as many patterns of
behaviour (operating procedures) as possible in
commercial aviation mainly because

A

it makes the flight deck easier to design

B

such behaviour reduces errors even under adverse
circumstances

C

this lowers the ability requirement in pilot selection

D

this reduces the amount of training required

539) Which of the following characteristics form part of
decision-making on the flight deck ?

A

A good decision depends on analysis of the situation

B

A decision is only valid in a defined and delimited time

C

A good decision can always be reversed if its result does not
come up to expectations

D

A group decision must always be established prior to action

A

Nothing, because it is system-inherent

B

Regard the automatic system as additional crew members
that needs to be crosschecked as well

C

Always try to enhance your aviation related knowledge
during low workload periods

D

Always fly the whole flight manually to remain in manmachine loop

534) Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur

A

when climbing

B

in sudden steep turns

C

when descending rapidly

D

during a long high altitude flight

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Human Factor

533) What airplane equipment marked a subtantial decrease
in hull loss rates in the eighties?

542) Of the following statements concerning the effects of
circadian rhythms on performance, we know that :

A

SSR

A

B

Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the
morning and are sensitive to the duration of the sleep state

TCAS

B

C

GPWS

Sensorimotor and intellectual performance are better in the
evening and very sensitive to the duration of the waking
period

D

DME

C

Sensorimotor performance is better in the evening whereas
intellectual performance is better in the morning

D

Sensorimotor performance is better in the morning whereas
intellectual performance is better in the evening

532) The circulatory system, among other things, allows for :
1
...
transportation of information by chemical substances

A

1 is false and 2 is correct

B

both are false

C

1 and 2 are correct

D

1 is correct and 2 is false

527) With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say
that:

531) Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected
when :

A

stress is medium

B

stress and motivation are medium

C

stress and motivation are low

D

stress is high

are the chokes

B

is a shock

C

are neurological damages to the CNS

D

are the bends

communication uses up resources, thus limiting the
resources allocated to work in progress

B

communication is always sufficiently automated to enable an
activity with a high workload element to be carried out at the
same time

C

communication is only effective if messages are kept short
and sufficiently precise to limit their number

D

all the characteristics of communication, namely output,
duration, precision, clarity, etc
...
On
the other hand, it may result in :

529) The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the
alveoli can be described by:

A

errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action

B

routine errors (slips)

C

mistakes

D

decision-making errors

A

Boyles Law

B

Dalton's Law

C

Henry's Law

524) When flying above 10
...


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523) Situations particularly vulnerable to "reversion to an
earlier behaviour pattern" are :
1
...
when situations are characterised by medium
workload
3
...
and 3
...
and 3
...
and 2
...


522) Errors which occur during highly automated actions
may result from :
1
...
a mistake in the decision making process
3
...
an action mode error

A

1,4

B

1,2

C

3,4

D

2,3,4

Human Factor

469) As a result of automation in cockpits,

A

coordination between the members is facilitated by the
provision of more precise and more important information

B

communication and coordination have clearly improved in
man-man and man-machine relations

C

communication and coordination call for an even greater
effort on the part of the crew members

D

man-man communication has been significantly improved

530) When turning in IMC , head movements should be
avoided as much as possible
...

-2 : sensitize and prepare for a possible situation to
come
...

-4 : define a framework and a probable strategy for the
encountered situation
...
loss of muscular power
2
...
impaired judgement
4
...
loss of consciousness

A

Human Factor

A

hertz

B

cycles per second

C

curies

D

decibels

556) The chemical composition of the earth´s atmosphere (I
C A O standard atmosphere) is

560) Which of the following statements concerning
communication is valid?

A

Professional communication means: using a restricted and
specific language, tailored to minimize misunderstandings
...


C

The syntax of communication is of little importance to its
success
...


D

Communication must take priority over any other flight
activity under all circumstances

559) Hypoxia can also be caused by

A

increasing oxygen partial pressure used for the exchange of
gases

B

a lack of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of
the hemoglobin to transport oxygen

C

a lack of nitrogen in ambient air

D

too much carbon dioxide in the blood

A

78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 %
argon

B

78 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % carbon dioxide, 0,03 %
argon

C

71 % nitrogen, 28 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon
dioxide

D

78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen, 0,9 % argon, 0,03 % carbon
dioxide

555) Which of the following is true concerning carbon
monoxide?

A

It is always present in the lungs
...


C

It combines 5 times faster to the hemoglobin than oxygen
...


540) Very high ambition and need for achievement

A

always promote teamwork

B

improves the coping process with personal failures

C

disturbe the climate of cooperation

D

fulfil the requirements of stress resistance

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553) The respiratory process consists mainly of

A

the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes
into the blood, transportation to the cells, diffusion into the
cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body

B

the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of
carbon monoxide

C

the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of
nitrogen

D

549) Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust
gases of engines
...


B

When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time,
the body will adapt to it and no adverse physical effects are
experienced

C

A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon
monoxide can seriously affect a pilot´s ability to operate an
aircraft
...


the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cell and
elimination of oxygen

541) The behavioural effects of stress may include :
-1 : manifestation of aggressiveness
...

-3 : a willingness for group cohesion
...

-5 : inappropriate gestural agitation
...


B

Friendliness
...


D

Competitiveness
...


B

yawing

B

Night vision
...


D

climbing

D

Hearing
...
The
flying copilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a
non-smoker
...
What should the
copilot do?

A

has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck
routine operations in order to free his/her cognitive resources

B

is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the
entire flight

A

C

knows how to invest the maximum resources in the
automation of tasks in real time

He should report the chief pilot about this behaviour of the
captain

B

D

is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a
great bulk of the flight

He should not further discuss this issue but should come
back to this conflict during the debriefing

C

He should learn to accept the captain smoking cigarettes in
the cockpit

D

He should repeat his worries about smoking in the cockpit
and should argue with the captain about this problem until
the conflict is solved

543) Which statement is correct?
1
...
Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals
pysiological altitude
during flight
3
...
Pressure breathing
...
Anxiety or fear
...
Overstress
...
Strong pain
...
Jogging
...


A

pitching up

B

The seperation of figure and background
...


C

apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision

D

The aural or visual significance attributed in short term
memory
...
Avoid turbulences
...
Avoid flying through rough weather
...
Seat passenger close to the center of gravity
...
Give pertinent information
...

-2 : interpersonnal conflict
...

-4 : administrative problem
...

The combination of correct statements is:

A

1,3,5

B

1,3,4

C

3,4,5

D

2,3,5

488) Which of the following is a/are symptom(s) of hypoxia ?
519) The organism is mobilized by a process known as:

A

Lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria

B

Pain in the joints

C

Low blood pressure

D

Excessive rate and depth of breathing combined with pains
in the chest area

487) Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis)

A

NAS : Natural Adaptation Syndrome

B

GMS : General Mobilization Syndrome
...


D

GAS : General Adaptation Syndrome

A

is caused by a difference in pressure existing between the
sinus cavity and the ambient air

482) Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal
equilibrium in the face of variations brought about by
external stimulations
...
e
...
This phenomenon is called:

A

autokinetic phenomenon

B

black hole illusion

C

coriolis illusion

D

leans

495) The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup)
are situated in

A

the middle ear

B

the inner ear

C

the outer ear

D

the maxillary sinus

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Human Factor

480) Changes in blood-pressure are measured by:

475) What are the three phases of General Adaptation
Syndrome ?

A

arteriols

A

alert, resistance, exhaustion

B

adrenal glands

B

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
...


D

pressoreceptors

D

alarm, resistance, performance,

479) At what altitude ("threshold for compensatory
reactions") does the human organism start with
remarkable measures to compensate for the drop in pO2
when climbing?
At about:

A

6000-7000 FT

B

8000-9000 FT

C

9000-10000 FT

D

10000-12000 FT

474) Of the following statements, select those which apply to
"information"
...

-2 : It is intended to reduce uncertainty for the receiver
...

-4 : Each bit of information reduces uncertainty by a
quarter
...
e
...
What kind of sensation could the pilot get?

A

The light source will make the pilot believe, that he is
climbing

B

The source of light moves away from him

477) The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is

C

The source of light stands still

A

depending on the active transportation of nitrogen into the
alveoli

D

The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed

B

dependent on the pressure gradient between the
participating gases during respiration

472) A stress reaction is:

C

the excess pressure caused by inhaling

A

the specific stimuli causing a human body to respond

D

independent from the partial pressures of the participating
gases

B

the non-specific response of the body to every demand
placed on a person

C

the specific response of the body to every demand placed on
a person

D

the non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond

476) CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of
cigarettes can lead to:
1
...
hypoxia at a much lower altitude than normal

A

1 and 2 are both correct

B

1 is correct, 2 is false

C

1 is false, 2 is correct

D

1 and 2 are both false

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Human Factor

483) Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due
to

513)

When exhaling, the expired air contains:

A

maturation

A

less water vapour than the inhaled air

B

drug influence

B

more oxygen than the inhaled air

C

practice and experience

C

more carbon dioxide than the inspired air

D

innate mechanisms

D

more nitrogen than the inhaled air

505) How can a pilot prevent "pilots-vertigo"?

512) What is the "Time of Useful Consciousness" for a rapid
decompression at 25,000 ft ?

A

Practise an extremely fast scanning technique using offcenter vision
...


B

About 30 seconds

C

Maintain orientation on outside visual references as long as
possible and rely upon the senses of balance
...


D

About 18 seconds

516) The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone
will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate of
about

511) Under what circumstances will a pilot change from
automated level to rule-based level ?

A

An automated cognitive check procedure

B

When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer
lead to the intended outcome

A

1 - 1
...
5 hours a day

C

Failure of all the known rules

C

3 - 3
...
5 hours a day

The appearance of a situation or problem which is unknown
and completely new

510) The normal rate of breathing is
515) The time required for complete adaptation is

A

for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of
illumination 30 minutes

A

32 to 40 cycles a minute

B

60 to 100 cycles a minute

B

for day and night: 30 min

C

20 to 30 cycles a minute

C

for night 10 sec and for day 30 min

D

12 to 16 cycles a minute

D

for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark
adaptation 30 min

514) An efficient flight deck (synergetic cockpit) will be
observed when:

A

the plan of action is defined by the Captain because of his
experience level

B

the Captain delegates the decision making process to other
crew members

C

decisions do not need to be discussed because of a
common synergy between the crew members

D

decisions are taken by the Captain with the help and
participation of the other crew members

509) When oxygen is beeing transferred from the blood into
the tissues and carbon dioxide from the body cells into
the blood, it is called:

A

ventilation

B

hyperventilation

C

internal respiration

D

external respiration

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508) The following may occur during gradual
depressurisation between 12,000 and 18,000 ft :

Human Factor

503) What is the name for the sensation of rotation occuring
during flight and which is caused by multiple irritation of
several semicircular canals at the same time?

A

a rapid decrease in blood pressure which will lead to
headache and also to a loss of coordination

A

"Pilot's" Vertigo
...


C

a rapid decrease in blood pressure leading to considerable
somnolence

C

"Seat-of-the-Pants" illusions
...


493) To safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude
is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus pressure
after a rapid decompression ?

A

Approximately 14 000 ft
...


C

Approximately 45 000 ft
...


A

The unsuitability of the automated actions

B

The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed

C

Attentional capture

D

Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed

501) What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after
a rapid decompression at 40,000 ft ?

506) Action plans (SOP's) in a cockpit must :

A

502) In problem-solving, what determines the transition from
rules-based activities to a knowledge-based activity ?

only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect
individual operators cockpit philosophies

B

be shared by the members of the crew and updated at each
modification in order to maintain maximum synergy

C

be tailored to the individual pilot's needs in order to facilitate
the normal operation of the aircraft

D

only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current
MCC procedures

A

More than 1 minute

B

About 12 seconds

C

Between 20 seconds and 1 minute

D

About 40 secods

A

By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials

B

By reinforcing errors

500) Check the following statements:
1
...

2
...

3
...


C

By reinforcing successful trials

A

1and 3 are correct

D

By increasing the psychological pressure on the student

B

1 and 2 are correct

C

2 and 3 are correct

D

1, 2 and 3 are correct

494) How can the process of learning be facilitated?

504) The so-called "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense is

A

the only sense a pilot can rely on, when flying in IMC

B

not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual
references are lost

C

only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to
fly in IMC

D

useful for instrument and contact flight

499) In the short-term-memory, information is stored for
approximately

A

a couple of days

B

20 seconds

C

5 minutes

D

1 hour

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498) Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level
?
1
...
The application of a poor rule
3
...
The poor application of a good rule

A

1,2

B

3,4

C

1,3

D

2,4

497) Which statement applies to hypoxia?

A

carbon monoxide increases the tolerance of the brain to
oxygen deficiency

B

you may become immune to hypoxia when exposed
repeatedly to hypoxia

C

it is possible to prognose when, how and where hypoxia
reaction starts to set in

D

sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to
person

496) The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is including receptors in the

A

skin of the breech only

B

muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and
movement of body parts

C

semicircular canals

D

utriculus and sacculus

752) Hypoxia is caused by

A

a higher affinity of the red blood cells (hemoglobin) to oxygen

B

reduced partial oxygen pressure in the lung

C

reduced partial pressure of nitrogen in the lung

D

an increased number of red blood cells

507) Which statement is correct ?

A

Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not
depend on partial oxygen pressure
...


C

The blood plasma is transporting the oxygen
...


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Human Factor



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