Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

Open Book Review
Topic:
Research Process
Research identifies a step‐by‐step, logical and organized method to find a solution to a problem
...
Although there have been numerous objections to this
method and to using it in social and business research
...

Research Process includes:


Broad problem area



Problem Statement



Theoretical Framework



Generation of hypotheses



Data Collection



Data Analysis



Report Writing

Broad Problem area:
Broad problem area means to define a problem and gather preliminary
information regarding problem
...
A problem could also
shows an interest in an issue where finding the right answers might help to improve an existing
situation
...
The process of broad problem area may include:


Identification of the broad management problem



Preliminary research



Definition of the research problem

Example:
Workers in the organization show low levels of commitment to the organization
...
After gathering preliminary information, the
researcher is in a position to narrow down the problem and define the issues of concern more
clearly
...

Example:
A manager might be interested in determining the factors that increase employee commitment to
the organization, an increase in employee commitment may translate into lower staff turnover,
less absenteeism, and increased performance levels, all of which will benefit the organization
...

There are three steps in theoretical framework:


Identify and label the variables
...



Independent variable

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to
test the effects on the dependent variable
Example:
Customer Satisfaction

Service Quality

In above mention example, service quality is dependent variable whereas customer satisfaction is
Independent variable
...


Topic:
Research Design
Research design is the set of methods and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the
variables specified in the problem
...
E
...
we don’t have enough knowledge about the effectiveness of
covid-19 on people and its treatment
...
E
...
age, studies, income, occupation etc
...
E
...
A marketing
manager wants to know if the sales of the company will increase if he doubles the advertising
dollars
...
E
...
Cause and effect of smoking is the example of causal relationship
...
E
...
Smoking and
cancer are related to each other
...

o Researcher interference is less in field experiment
...




Study Setting

Contrived: If organizational research is in artificial environment then the research is in contrive
setting
...



Unit of Analysis: Individuals, Dyads, Groups, Organizations, Cultures

The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected subsequent data
analysis stage
...

Dyads: If the researcher is interested in studying two-person interactions
...

Departmental Level: If the problem statement is related to whole group then it is departmental
unit of analysis
...
We collect data f rom
different sales persons
...

Example: In a class of 100 students
...

Non-probability Sampling: Non-probability sampling is defined as a sampling technique in
which the researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather
than random selection
...




Time Horizon:

Cross Sectional: A study in which data are gathered just once, maybe over a period of days or
weeks or months, in order to answer a research question
...

Longitudinal: In some cases, however, the researcher might want to study people or phenomena
at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question
...



Data Collection Methods:
o Observation
o Interviews
o Questionnaire
o Physical Measurement
o Unobtrusive

Interview: An interview is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and
the other provides answers
...

Questionnaire: A set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the
purposes of a survey or statistical study
...

Example: If we want to research in particular area to check which type of water people used to
drink
...
In experimental
design we check the cause and effect of independent variable on dependent variable
...
They show
one concept to one group to examine which campaign is good near people
...




Artificial Settings



Not controlled



Setup create



Normal routine of



Controlled environment

workers doesn’t



Normal routine of workers

disturbed
...




Not manipulated



Manipulation



Internal validity



Treatment introduce

weak

Examples:
Lab Experiments: The owner of a cosmetic factory is disappointed with the number of
imitation produced by his workers, who are paid wages at an hourly rate
...
However, before
implementing the piece‐rate system, he wants to make sure that switching over to the new
system would indeed achieve the objective
...
Most of the thefts occurred in the 2
markets where the stalls were most densely packed
...
But, it must be
remembered that it is not possible to control all of the variables and it may have been
something else that caused the reduction
...
In a quasi-experiment, the control and treatment
groups differ not only in terms of the experimental treatment they receive, but also in other, often
unknown or unknowable, ways
...
In true experimental
design both groups are involved experimental and controlled
...
We take data on both pretest and posttest
...


Example: If respondents complete a questionnaire measuring their knowledge of science as a
pretest, they might then decide to subsequently seek answer to a few unfamiliar equations

---