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Title: GCSE Biology 2.8 - Disease
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A.) This is one of eight topics in the unit.
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A.) This is one of eight topics in the unit.
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Blood clots
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seal wounds to prevent entry of microbes
Phagocytes
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ingest bacteria
Lymphocytes
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produce antibodies which inactivate particular bacteria of viruses
produce antitoxins which counteract the toxins released by bacteria
Antigens
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molecules that are recognised by the immune system
Lymphocytes multiply to form clones of cells, which secrete antibodies specific to the
foreign antigen that is present, which eventually assist in the destruction of the cells
bearing the foreign antigen
...
However, antibodies are produced very quickly and in large
numbers if the same antigen is encountered a second time
...
Memory cells
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After an antigen has been encountered, memory cells remain in the body and
antibodies are produced very quickly if the same antigen is encountered a second
time
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The factors influencing parents in decisions about whether to have children vaccinated or
not
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There is a risk associated with any injection
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Immunising increases herd immunity; those who are unable to be vaccinated are
protected as outbreaks of disease are prevented because others have been
vaccinated and are therefore immune
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25
New drug treatments
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may cause side effects that do not show up until lots of people use them
require extensive, large scale, rigorous testing
The process of discovery and development of potential new medicines
•
•
preclinical testing: testing on human cells grown in the laboratory, testing on
animals, testing on a group of healthy volunteers
clinical testing: testing on small groups of patients
Strategies to avoid bias
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•
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blind trials
double blind trials
placebo groups
Blind trials
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The patients are not told if they are in the trial group or the placebo group
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Placebo groups
•
The patients are given the drug but with no active ingredient
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Labelled (via radioactivity or fluorescence) monoclonal antibodies are added to test
samples of infected body fluids and attach to specific antigens
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The use of monoclonal antibodies in tissue typing for transplants
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•
The concentration of non-self-antigens in tissues is assessed
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The use of monoclonal antibodies in monitoring the spread of malaria
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Blood is taken from samples of people (even if they do not show any malarial symptoms)
and tested with labelled monoclonal antibodies
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This enables the success of anti-malarial drugs and the potential spread of malaria to be
monitored
...
Some types of cancer cells have specific antigens called tumour markers
...
If these are attached to anti-cancer drugs, they will deliver the drug directly to the
cancer cells
Title: GCSE Biology 2.8 - Disease
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A.) This is one of eight topics in the unit.
Description: These are concise, exam-focused notes made using the WJEC specification and BBC Bitesize. (I achieved an A.) This is one of eight topics in the unit.