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Title: Diseases and immunity
Description: This notes contain the types of diseases and infections, good manners and personal hygiene
Description: This notes contain the types of diseases and infections, good manners and personal hygiene
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TOPIC 3
THE CONCEPT
OF HEALTH AND
IMMUNITY
...
Pius JK-Butimba day
Sec
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
1
Health and Prevention of Diseases
...
e
...
This is the result of a steady state in the internal
environment of the body
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
2
Health and Prevention of Diseases
cont…
■
■
■
Mental Health includes proper reasoning and
rational thinking, i
...
think and act sensibly
...
Physical Health includes proper physiological
and anatomic functioning of the body
...
Is to live according to the
accepted norms and values of the society, i
...
playing together, making friends, helping each
other, etc
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
4
IMMUNITY
...
The most known defender is the
white blood cells
...
Lymphocytes cells defend the body against
invading pathogens
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
5
Types of immunity:
■
i
...
Basically there two main types of immunity
namely:
Natural immunity
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
6
1
...
Natural immunity is divided into two:
-Natural active immunity
...
Adults have this kind of immunity
...
The body develops an immune
system during development of foetus (unborn Baby) i
...
the
antibodies from the mother pass to the foetus
...
This lasts only for a few
months after birth
...
Artificial immunity
■
■
■
This is the type of immunity, an individual acquires in the
course of life time
...
Acquired immunity is of two types:
-Artificial active immunity
...
This is known as vaccination
...
-Artificial passive immunity
...
Serum which contains
antibodies is introduced into the body of an individual
organism
...
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
9
Immunization
Due to advancement of science and technology,
we have supply of ready-made antibodies
...
■ Ways of administering immunization:
1
...
2
...
3
...
■
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
10
Vaccine
...
Vaccination
This is the process of injecting a vaccine to a
health body, which induces the lymphocytes to
produce antibodies
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
11
Importance of good health
...
A health student is able to attend school without
failing hence performance improves
...
A healthy nation develops fast because most
people are not sick and then work hard, and the
country does not use a lot of money on
medication
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
12
Personal Hygiene and Good
Manners
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
13
Personal Hygiene and Good Manners
■
■
Personal hygiene is the practice of keeping
you body, belongings and environment clean
in order to maintain good health
...
It includes honesty, respect for
others, politeness and helpfulness
...
Always wear clean clothes
...
Brush your teeth at least twice a day; in the
morning and before you sleep
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
15
Principles of personal hygiene cont…
■
■
■
■
■
Kept the environment clean
...
Cover your mouth and nose with a clean handkerchief
or tissue when you sneeze or cough
...
Do not share handkerchiefs, towels and clothes,
especially underwear
...
Comb it every
day or keep it well plaited
...
Wear comfortable and well-fitting
...
Avoid picking your nose and biting your nails
...
Relieve yourself in a clean toilet
...
There should be no pet
litter in your living area
...
In a conversation:◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
Speak in a clear voice
...
Do not interrupt when another person is talking
...
Listen attentively to what the other person is
saying
...
◻
◻
◻
■
■
Avoid dwelling on topics that are unfamiliar, boring or
embarrassing to other people
...
Give other people a
chance to talk
...
Welcome visitors warmly
...
Be helpful to other people
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
19
Principles of good manners cont
...
If you were sitting, stand
up straight
...
Be punctual when you are meeting or visiting
someone
...
Cover your mouth when you sneeze, cough or
yawn
...
■
When you are eating:◻ Chew with your mouth closed
...
◻ Use serving spoons to serve food
...
◻ Avoid discussing things that could make other
people lose their appetite
...
◻
■
■
Serve yourself reasonable portions of food
...
◻ Do not waste food
...
Say ‘please’ when requesting for something
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
22
Requirements of personal hygiene and
Good manners
The following things can help us to maintain personal
hygiene and good manners:1
...
Good advice helps
us to improve ourselves
...
2
...
These
things include soap, towels, combs, brushes, basins,
scissors and toothbrushes
...
Scabies, ringworm and lice are spread because
people do not observe personal hygiene
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
24
Importance of personal hygiene and
good manners cont…
■
Personal hygiene and good manners are also
important for personal appearance
...
■
Maintaining personal hygiene and good manners
makes us good role models for other people in the
society
...
It usually
occurs between ages ten and fourteen in girls and
ages twelve and sixteen in boys
...
Puberty
leads to adolescence
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
26
Changes in girls at puberty
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
Body size increases rapidly
...
Hair grows in the armpits and pubic area
...
Menstruation begins
...
Sweat and oil glands become more active leading
to changes in body odour
...
Reproductive organs enlarge
...
Hair grows on the face (beards) and in the armpits and pubic
region
...
Shoulders and chest broaden
...
Wet dreams begin
...
Sweat and oil glands become more active leading to changes in
body odour
...
The following are important
measures in maintaining personal hygiene during puberty
...
Use good quality soap and a deodorant if
possible
...
Wear clean clothes all the time and wash soiled bedding and
clothes as soon as possible
...
Wash your hands
with soap and clean water after handling soiled tampons or
pads
...
They may feel confused or sad or have
strong emotions
...
Some people may be very sensitive or
may lose their temper easily
...
Despite all these changes, it is important to aim at
being well behaved all the time
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
30
Good Manners During Puberty
■
■
■
■
■
■
Resist negative peer pressure, for example being
encouraged to take drugs or to be rebellious
...
Apologize if you hurt other people’s feelings
...
Strive to be respectful to your elders even when you
disagree with them
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
31
INFECTIONS AND
DISEASES
...
Disease is a specific illness with a name that
affects a particular part of the body or the whole
body
...
When the body is affected by a certain disease the
normal functioning of some parts of the body
(cells, tissues, or organism) is disturbed
...
i
...
Non-communicable (non-infectious)
...
■
■
Infectious diseases are also kwon as
communicable diseases
...
These diseases are usually caused by
micro-organisms e
...
viruses, bacteria, fungi and
protozoan
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
36
Types of communicable diseases
...
These are communicable
diseases, which affect a large number of people
in a short period of time
...
b) Pandemic diseases
...
e
...
Plaque in 14th
century, flue outbreak in 1918-1919, and the
present HIV/AIDS
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
37
Types of communicable diseases cont…
■
c) Endemic diseases
...
e
...
malaria
is endemic in tropical countries
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
38
2
...
■
Non infectious diseases are also known as
non-communicable diseases
...
These are the diseases, which
cannot be transmitted from one person to another
...
g
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
39
Causes of ill health
...
Pathogens like bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi
and worms
...
e
...
Genetic, like inherited disorders
...
▪
Polluted and dirty environment
▪ Allergies
▪ Degeneration and ageing
...
▪ Risk behaviour like pre marital sex,
alcoholism, and extra marital sex
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
41
Classification of diseases
...
a) Bacterial diseases:
■ These are the diseases that are caused by bacteria
...
g
...
b) Viral diseases:
■ These are diseases which are caused by viruses
...
■ These are diseases caused by protozoan
...
d) Fungi diseases
...
Example
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
43
Classification of diseases cont…
e) Genetics diseases
...
These diseases are incurable
...
g
...
■ These are diseases which are caused by worms
...
g
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
44
Classification of diseases cont…
g) Environmental diseases and allergies
...
These antigens are
known as allergens and the body react to produce
Histamine
...
Examples of allergies are asthma, hay fever, haemorrhoids
...
■ -The effect of histamine can be countered by administration
of antihistamine drugs
...
■ These are diseases which are caused by ageing
...
g
...
i) hormonal diseases
...
Examples, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes inspidus,
Cretinism
...
■
These are diseases caused by either lack of enough food
or lack of the right type of food
...
■ Obesity is caused by over eating especially
carbohydrates most of which are converted into
fats
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
47
Classification of diseases cont…
k)Mineral salt deficiency diseases
...
Examples: Goiter is
caused by lack of iodine in the diet, Anaemia
is caused by lack of iron in the diet and,
Rickets is caused by lack of phosphorus and
calcium in the diet
...
ii
...
iv
...
vi
...
viii
...
These are the diseases caused by lack of certain vitamins in
the diet that we take
...
Beriberi is caused by lack of vitamin B1
Pellagra is caused by lack of vitamin B2
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
49
Transmission of diseases
...
◻ Indirect Transmission, is the
transmission when some kind of
intermediate agent plays a part
...
g
...
Communicable diseases are transmitted through
varies ways:
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
50
Transmission of diseases
...
■ The diseases which are transmitted through air are referred to as
airborne diseases
...
■ Other diseases are transmitted through using contaminated water
...
Examples
...
3) Food
...
Examples
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
51
Transmission of diseases
...
■ Through blood transfusion, micro organism from one
person to another if the transfused blood is
contaminated
...
HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Typhoid
fever
...
■ Infectious diseases can also be spread through physical
contact
...
Example
...
6) vector
...
g
...
These diseases which spread
by a vector are called vector-borne diseases
...
❖ sleeping sickness is spread by tsetse flies
❖ Malaria is spread by female anopheles mosquito
...
❖ Schistosomiasis is spread by snails
...
(culex)
❖ Yellow fever is also spread by mosquito
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
53
Transmission of diseases
...
■
■
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
Some infections can also be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse
with an infected person
...
Example
...
mouth
nose
penis
vagina
anus
skin
Open wounds
...
■ 1) Natural barriers(body defence)
-Skin is an example of a natural barrier that prevents the
pathogens from penetrating our bodies
...
g
...
-Hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills some of the
disease-causing microorganisms
...
-Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands in the skin is
antiseptic i
...
kills bacteria
...
■
■
i
...
iii
...
2) Water treatment
...
3) Observe personal and environmental hygiene
...
■ One should wash his hands after visiting the
toilets and before and after eating
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
57
Methods used to prevent infectious (communicable)
diseases
...
■
a
...
c
...
e
...
g
...
i
...
This immobilizes the bacteria and halts the bacterial activities, which cause food to
deteriorate
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
58
Methods used to prevent infectious
(communicable) diseases
...
■ This is the wise and sound use of drugs, e
...
antibiotics which
cure a wide range of bacterial, viral and protozoan diseases
...
■ This is the introduction of a vaccine into the body of an
organism to increase the ability of the body to fight against
infectious diseases
...
■ Eating a balanced diet makes some one strong and healthy
...
Bath in clean water
...
9) Overcrowding
...
Over crowding may lead to spread of air
borne diseases
...
11) Food
...
12) Good behaviour
...
g
...
13) Eliminating vectors and pathogens
...
15) Good manners, i
...
Proper use of time for work and leisure
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
60
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
...
■ This is a bacterial disease caused by bacterium
called Salmonella typhi
...
This bacterium damages
the intestinal wall and the gall bladder
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
62
TYPHOID
Other symptoms include
■ Fatigue,
■ Abdominal pains,
■ diarrhoea,
■ Vomiting,
■ Constipation
...
Transmission
...
Typhoid germs is confined mostly in the gall bladder
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
63
TYPHOID
Prevention
...
■ Proper community sanitation and general cleanliness
...
e
...
■ Foods which are not cooked, e
...
fruits and salads should be
washed thoroughly using clean water
...
Treatment
...
g
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
64
PLAGUE
...
Symptoms
...
Normally the
patient gets worse with the bleeding in many parts of the body
...
Transmission
This disease is primarily found in rats and rodents
...
The flea contracts the
bacterium by biting an infected rodent
...
Eventually the infected bush
or wild animals often do not die
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
65
PLAGUE
...
■ Aims at eliminating the flea population
...
Vaccination is in
use to control plague
...
■ When one is infected, antibiotics such as
chloramphenical, tetracycline or streptomycin
are administered
...
Cause
■ This is an infection of the mininges
...
Types of meningitis
...
This is caused by one of the
most common bacteria such as pneumococci
...
◻ Viral meningitis, This is caused by one of the most
common viruses
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
67
MENINGITIS
...
■ Bacterial meningitis is the most common type of meningitis
...
■ These symptoms results to brain damage, restlessness and
mental confusion
...
■ Common potential sources of infection are sick persons and
carriers of the disease
...
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2019
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68
MENINGITIS
...
■ Patients suffering from the disease should be treated when
isolated from the others
...
■ In case of an outbreak overcrowding should be avoided
...
■ Early treatment is absolutely necessary especially for
bacterial meningitis, which responds well to antibiotics
...
However, it heals progressively with no treatment
...
■ This is a bacterial disease
...
■ Cholera is an endemic disease in most of the
Third world countries
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
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70
CHOLERA
Symptoms
...
e
...
▪ Abnormal pain
...
▪ Vomiting
...
▪ Blood pressure is very low
...
▪ The patient loses weight rapidly
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
71
CHOLERA
Transmission
...
Hence is
transmitted by contaminated food and water
...
Prevention
...
Vibrio cholerae dies at 56 0C,
Drinking water should be boiled, People be educated on the spread
and prevention of the disease, Proper storage of food, Eat warm
food, Avoid eating raw vegetable, Proper use of latrines, Wash
hands after visiting toilets, Wash hand before and after eating,
Affected people be isolated/quarantine, During epidemics or when
one is going to an infested area must be vaccinated
...
■ Death
...
■ This disease is treated using antibiotics such as
tetracycline
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
BIOLOGY FORM ONE
73
MALARIA
...
▪ There are several species of plasmodium, but
only four are known to affect humans:
❖ Plasmodium malariae
❖ Plasmodium Falciparum
❖ Plasmodium Vivax
❖ Plasmodium ovale
...
■
Symptoms
...
▪ Frontal headache
...
▪ General body weakness
▪ Lack of appetite
...
▪ Chill with violent shivering
...
Transmission
...
■ Rarely transmission can occur through
transfusion of infected blood by malaria
parasites from a sick person to a healthy
person
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
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76
MALARIA
...
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
◻
■
Drain marshes or remove stagnant water, ie
...
Spray light oils containing insecticide on water that can not be drained
...
Spray walls of houses with long-lasting insecticides
...
Bury all containers, which can hold water
...
Sleep under a mosquito net impregnated with permathrin, or NGAO which both repel
and kill mosquitoes
...
Quarantine or isolate those who become diseased away from other people
...
Mepacrine
...
Mospel
...
Treatment
...
Health authorities in
some countries have banned these drugs, as
plasmodium seems to have developed
resistance to these drugs
...
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
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78
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
...
Cause
...
■ Schistosomes live in blood in the veins of the
pelvic organs
...
■
Wednesday, September 11,
2019
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79
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
...
▪ Schistosma haematobium, causes urinary
bilharzia
...
Symptoms
...
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80
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
...
▪ Irritation of urinary bladder or large intestine
...
▪ Loss of appetite
...
▪ Patient becomes so anaemic
...
▪ Fluid collects in the abdomen and in the legs,
resulting in a condition known as oedema
...
Transmission
...
■ When these eggs enter into water they become worms called
Miracidia
...
■ Miracidia leaves the snail for another host, the human being,
and here they become Cercariae
...
■ The Cercariae travel around the body and settle in the pelvic
veins where they develop into adult schistosome worms
...
Control and prevention
...
Prevent growth of snails:
Drain stagnant water
...
Toilets should be used all the time and properly
...
Eradicating the intermediate host
...
Boiling and chlorination of water for domestic use
...
■ Niridazole: effective on one species and have unpleasant side effects
...
They are also referred to as Venereal diseases
...
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2019
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85
GONORRHOEA
■
■
This disease is caused by the
gonococcus bacterium called
Neisseria gonorrhoea
...
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2019
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GONORRHOEA
Transmission
▪ Through sexual intercourse
▪ may be transmitted to eyes
by a towel
▪ The disease may affect
baby’s eyes at birth
...
▪ It can also infect the throat if
infected genitals are kissed
...
■ Drops of pus from the penis
...
■ Rash or sores all over the body
...
■ Menstrual problems
■ Pain in the lower abdomen
...
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2019
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GONORRHOEA
Effects
■ It can cause sterility
■ It can cause blindness
■ It rarely causes death
Control
...
e
...
■ Pregnant women should be checked and treated if any
...
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2019
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89
SYPHILIS
■
The disease is caused by bacteria called Treponema
pallidum
...
Through sexual intercourse and sometimes through
open sore (fracture)
...
From mother to foetus during pregnancy as the
bacterium passes through the placenta
...
From mother to child during birth
...
ii
...
Syphilis has three stages
...
e
...
This may last for about six weeks
Second stage or Secondary stage: If untreated after six weeks
there may be development of skin rashes, sore throat, mild
fever, headache mouth sore and ulcers on lips, swollen joints,
loss of weight and appetite
...
What happens? Tumor may built up in the skin and
visceral (internal) organs like heart, liver and can cause
death
...
i
...
To have
healthy sexual relations
...
■ Antibiotics like benzathine penicillin or tetracycline
...
This is a painful skin infection caused by a virus called Herpes
simplex
...
i
...
ii
...
iii
...
iv
...
v
...
■
■ Wednesday, September 11,
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BIOLOGY FORM ONE
93
GENITAL HERPES
...
■ Through sexual intercourse
...
■ Currently there is no medicine that cures
herpes
...
Never have sex
while the blisters or sores are present
...
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2019
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94
CHANCROID
Is a bacterium infection
...
▪ Soft painful sores on the genitals or anus
...
Treatment
...
Take erythromycin after meals to avoid
stomach upset
...
i
...
ii
...
iii
...
iv
...
v
...
vi
...
vii
...
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2019
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96
HIV/AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
...
Cause
...
The virus is mainly found in the
body fluids such as blood, semen and vaginal
secretions
...
■
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2019
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97
HIV/AIDS
Transmission
...
By having sexual intercourse with an infected person
...
By transfusion of infected blood
...
Mother to Baby:
iv
...
Contact with vaginal secretion during birth
...
v
...
Needles, pair of scissors
...
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2019
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HIV/AIDS
Stages of HIV
...
b
...
Incubation period, the virus is multiplying in the
body
...
Symptomatic period, sings and symptoms start to
show
...
Full blown period, the immune system is
completely destroyed
...
■ HIV replicates in particular type of white blood cell called T4 Cell
...
The virus destroys the T4 Cell
...
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2019
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99
HIV/AIDS
■
Sign and Symptoms
...
▪ Eventual loss of weight, up to 10%
...
▪ Skin infection, rashes and skin cancer
...
▪ Advance stage: Mental confusion and eye
problems
...
■ HIV weakens the immune system by entering
into the white blood cells (lymphocytes)
...
Tuberculosis,
ii
...
skin cancer,
iv
...
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2019
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101
HIV/AIDS
■
Diseases Associated with AIDS
...
Brain infection, mental
confusion and severe
headache
...
Cancerous cases, skin
cancer
...
Chest infections, pneumonia
and tuberculosis
...
Gut infections, chronic
diarhoea
...
e
...
■ Avoid transfusion of blood unless screened for HIV virus
...
■ Health and sex education should be given to people
...
■ Avoid risk behavior: ie
...
■ Patients should take anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs)which prolong
their life span
...
■ At the moment there is no treatment
...
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104
Care of PLWHA (People living with HIV/AIDS)
These people need special care as they fear death, feel
lonely and bad about the situation
...
Wear gloves when washing hi/her beddings
...
Keep patient clean, ie
...
Give extra fluid to drink
...
Balanced diet
...
Offer enough rest and good sleep/
Offer moderate exercises
...
Never discriminate or stigmatize the patient
...
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2019
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105
EBOLA
Origin
■ Ebola was discovered in late 1970s when an
unknown outbreak killed more than 500 people
in Zaire-DRC
...
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106
EBOLA
Cause
...
Symptoms
...
• Skin bruises and blisters
...
• Vomiting of the already disintegrated internal
tissues
...
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107
EBOLA
Transmission
...
Prevention and cure
...
Is more dangerous
than AIDS
...
■ Quarantine must be imposed whenever there is an
outbreak of Ebola
Title: Diseases and immunity
Description: This notes contain the types of diseases and infections, good manners and personal hygiene
Description: This notes contain the types of diseases and infections, good manners and personal hygiene