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Philosophy Notes Week 1
Philosophy Notes #1: Descartes
Types of Philosophy
• Metaphysics: what exists and what’s the nature? What things truly are?
• Ethics: Study of morality (concept of good or bad) (concepts of right or wrong)
• Epistemology: investigates the nature of knowledge and belief
• Aesthetics: investigates the nature of beauty and art
...
Trolly Problem
• A troll is out of control and is headed towards 5 people who are unaware of its presents
...
You are the only one
aware of chaos
...
If you don't flip the
switch, the trolly kills 5 people, but if you do flip the switch the trolly will kill one person
...
You
are witnessing this from a bridge above the tracks
...
If you choose to do nothing 5 people die, if you choose to
push the man off the bridge he dies and the 5 people live
...
Descartes
• Looking for a piece of knowledge that cannot be doubted
• How did I learn to come about this piece of knowledge?
• Where does your knowledge come from?
• Ex: Santa Claus, Easter Bunny, Politicians, Illusionist
• I Exist
• I Think
• I Think, Therefore I am
2
Philosophy Notes #2: Euthyphro
Pre- Socratics (-500 B
...
E)
• Thales: first philosopher “Father of Science”
• Pythagorus: mathematician
• Democritus: first chemist
• Zeno of Elea: paradoxes
Golden Age Athens ~ 450-404 B
...
E
Economic Epicenter
•
•
•
Socrates: He is an originally and well-known philosopher
• Little is known about him because he never wrote or recorded anything as his own
...
Oracle: Speaker of the Gods; has visions sent from the gods and gives guidance and advice
• now is believed to get high off fumes and thats where their visions and prophecies
come from
• “Socrates is wisest”
Charges against Socrates
• Impiety: disbelief in the gods (atheist)
• Corrupting the youth
Euthyphro
• What is piety?
1
...
Euthyphro’s father tied up the hired hand and threw him in a ditch and the hired hand
died)
- He’s following the example of the gods ~ Zeus got revenge on his father for
wrong doings
2
...
If one god loves
murder but the other does not
...
They
contradict
...
That which (all) the gods love
•
•
‣
‣
‣
Are things pious because the gods love them?
Do the gods love pious things because they’re pious?
• Euthyphro agrees with this one
• Piety: that which is loved by the gods
That which is loved by the gods is loved because it pious
‣ Substitute with piety definition
Pious things are loved because they’re pious
That which is loved by the gods is loved because its that which is loved by the gods
3
‣
This is referred to as circular reasoning: when the question is answered with the question
...
Euthyphro’s Dilemma
• Are pious things loved because they’re pious?
• Means that their is morality is outside of god
...
• Are things pious because they’re loved?
• Gods judgement makes something good or bad, otherwise things are neutral
...
Impiety (atheism)
2
...
To prove god wrong
• Went to political who he thought was wise
...
Believes he is better off than the politician
...
• Begins to frame his argument that by claiming that he did this out of
justification of the gods
...
To Expose peoples ignorance
• Its important to admit that you don’t know something
• “know thyself”
• Know the extent of your own knowledge and know the limitation of
your knowledge
3
...
”
• A life where you are not constantly looking for reasoning or wisdom
4
...
“Think of your children”
•
•
Crito doesn’t want to see Socrates died
...
Socrates
believes this is solving a crime with another
...
•
Do not follow the opinions of the many of the many, but the opinions of good people (the
wise; people who have wisdom)
•
One should always live a good life
•
•
A good life is just and honorable
•
One should never intentionally harm another person, even if they’ve harmed you
By escaping, who does Socrates harm
•
•
The City / government / “people” / law
3 ways Socrates harms the city
1
...
By disobeying us, you disobey your educators (they raised him)
3
...
The argument from opposites
• “each opposite is generated out of its opposite”
2
...
We have an ideal of what an apple is suppose to look like and all
3 apples even though they are different it still fits the ideal of what an apple is
suppose to talk about
...
The argument from Form
• There are 2 types of existence
1
...
Unseen and unchanging
• The world of the forms
• The world of being
• Asclepius - god of curing illness (disease)