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Ruthless
● Napoleon is described in his introduction as having a ​“​reputation of getting his
own way”
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The imperative “[get]” emphasizes Napoleon’s
determination and the ambiguity implies that he will turn to immoral and ruthless
unorthodox methods to assume leadership of the farm later on in the novella
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The reader would have
noticed from this that equality would never have existed on the farm which
reflects Orwell’s views that a communist utopian society was idealistic and could
never be carried out in practice
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From the start of the novel Napoleon is established to be
different from the other pigs, as he is large and of a particular breed, highlighting
subtly the theme of inequality
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● After the show trails “a pile of corpses” were at Napoleon’s “feet”
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The noun “feet” symbolises Napoleon’s absolute authority
over the animals and the established hierarchy in which Napoleon is above all
the other animals
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The reader should have been horrified by Napoleon’s
psychopathy evoking negative feelings towards the Soviet Union which Orwell
criticised
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● The declarative “The dogs promptly tore their throats out” reflects Napoleon’s
lack of remorse through the depressing and unemotional tone
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The verb “promptly” conveys the dog’s lack of hesitation and complete
loyalty to Napoleon, reflecting Napoleon’s ruthless personality as he raised the
dogs intending to kill Snowball
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● A link between Animal Farm and Manor Farm is made when Orwell says the
“Smell of blood… was unknown there since the expulsion of Jones”
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This reminds the reader
that Animal farm is becoming more like it was in Jones’ time, implying that
inequality is returning or becoming more apparent in the farm
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Orwell’s message is that the newly appointed leader of the Soviet Union Stalin is
no different to the Tsar Nicholas II in that they were both ruthless dictators with
no regards to human rights
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Furthermore, Napoleon’s lack of speech gives him a sinister and secretive
personality implying that he may come to forceful means in taking control of the
farm
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Orwell’s use of sudden onomatopoeia in “dashed”,
“sprang” emphasize the sudden nature of the attack while the violent
onomatopoeia present in “snapping jaws” reflects the brutal and horrifying dogs
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The violent expulsion of
Snowball parallels the falling-out between Stalin and Trotsky
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This parallels Stalin, who built his power through
his secret police (the dogs) to overthrow Trotsky
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Leadership
● “​It was noticed that [the dogs] wagged their tails to him in the same way as the
other dogs had been used to do to Mr Jones”
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The syntax of this description is significant
in that it was “noticed”, which conveys the idea that someone insignificant noticed
this
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An
immediate parallel is drawn between Napoleon and Mr Jones reflecting the
 

 

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cyclical structure of the novella and that the leadership of Napoleon is no
different to that of Mr Jones
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After the rebellion Napoleon “led [the animals] back to the store-shed and served
out” food to the animals
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This is
reinforced by the verb “served” which further implies that Napoleon has authority
and responsibility over the other animals, in which he takes control of the food
the animals have obtained and serves it out himself
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The animals refer to Napoleon as “Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon” which
portrays him as the absolute leader of the farm
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The reader would
have recognised this contradictory phrase as symbolism of the manipulation and
deceit of the animals
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These titles outline
Napoleon’s cult of personality in which he uses to gain power other the other
animals
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The noun “father” suggests
Napoleon is caring towards the other animals which is emphasized by the
determiner “all” which portrays him as an Omni-benevolent and godlike
character
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Napoleon’s use of the cult of personality parallels that of Stalin who
also used a cult of personality to portray himself as an all-powerful and
all-knowing leader
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Squealer talked about “Napoleon’s wisdom, the goodness of his heart, and the
deep love he bore to all animals everywhere” which further Napoleon’s cult of
personality which the use of a rule of three to highlight Napoleon’s said
goodness
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The
noun wisdom is used to covey Napoleon’s Omni-science encouraging the
animals not to protest and maintain their faith in Napoleon who is said to always
make the correct decisions
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This is ironic as
Napoleon, who is the tyrant, is praised for every good thing that is happening on
the farm, furthering the idea that he is a God, who can control every stroke of

 

luck on the farm
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● Napoleon caused Minimus’ poem “to be inscribed on the wall of the big barn”
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● Napoleon “[commands]” on the farm that all the animals would take part in a
“Spontaneous Demonstration”, which was used to celebrate the struggles and
triumphs of Animal Farm
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The imperative “commanded” further conveys Napoleon’s
unparalleled authority over the other animals
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Power hungry
● Before the harvest, Napoleon tells the animals to “Never mind the milk
comrades… that will be attended to”
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Orwell
uses ambivolance in the phrase “that will be attended to” however a reader can
infer that because “it was noticed that the milk had disappeared”, Napoleon had
clearly taken the milk for himself
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The verb “disappeared”
suggests that the animals do not realise that another animal had taken the milk
but instead assume that it had magically disappeared
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● Napoleon was good at “canvassing support for himself” using the sheep to bleat
“four legs good, two legs bad” during “crucial moments in Snowball’s speeches”
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Napoleon
uses the sheep, which are easily manipulated, to chant down and drown out
Snowball’s speeches, showing that Napoleon was willing to go to all lengths
possible to obtain support for himself and take control of the farm
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Napoleon does this to be seen as
superior and threatening, enforcing a hierarchy in the farm to establish himself as
the one in power
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The
difference is that Napoleon has his dogs beside him, point out to the reader that
Napoleon is different and will use force to keep the animals in control
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This is followed by the confident, one word simple declarative “SNOWBALL!”
which is used for dramatic effect to horrify the animals and manipulate them into
hating Snowball
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Napoleon does this to unite all the
animals on the farm under a common enemy, increasing a sense of fear and
uncertainty among the animals, making them think that Napoleon is the only one
who can help them
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● Orwell describes Snowball using the oxymoron “invisible influence” to highlight
how Napoleon has manipulated the other animals in that they unreasonably
blamed Snowball for everything wrong which happened on the farm even if it was
implausible or was proven not to be snowball, showing the animals’ mindless
loyalty to Napoleon
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A reader would have noticed the irony
which would have been used by Orwell to highlight the gullibility of the Russian
people in the USSR
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The verb
“study” has connotations of hard work and intelligence suggesting that Snowball
is prepared to spend time to improve his leadership and innovation on the farm
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● Snowball is described to be “full of plans for innovation and improvements
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Orwell paints
Snowball in a good light to show that he is a good leader, and because of his
expulsion is at the hands of Napoleon, Orwell is suggesting that it is force, not
good intentions which governs the farm, perhaps criticising Stalin’s methods and
strategies in maintaining absolute power over the USSR
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The alliteration in “innovation and
improvements” conveys a positive tone, implying that Snowball is a positive
influence on the farm
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● Snowballs “plans grew into a complicated mass of cranks and cogwheels”
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The metaphor “grew”
emphasizes the idea of continuous work and improvement, suggesting that
Snowball has worked continuously on his plans for the windmill
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Snowball’s work shows his dedication to the farm
emphasizing his intellect and good-will
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Orwell
portrays Snowball in a good light which reflects his views regarding Trotsky and
his negative views regarding Stalin, who he believed was a ruthless dictator
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● Snowball “painted” “in glowing sentences a picture of Animal Farm”
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Furthermore, Snowball is described using the metaphor “in
glowing sentences”
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Orwell may be suggesting that under Trotsky, Animal Farm could have been
 

 

greater; however alternatively, he may imply that communism, which Animal
Farm is based on, is based off of idealism and cannot be applied in principle
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● After Snowball persuaded the birds to not protest against the sheep’s chant, “the
birds did not understand Snowball’s long words, but they accepted his
explanation
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This is cataphoric of later events in the book in which Squealer
lies to the animals and they accept this
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Leadership
● Snowball made a speech emphasizing the need for ​“​all animals to be ready to
die for Animal Farm”
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The intensifier “all” highlights the sense of community and
inclusivity on the farm
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Orwell uses this to foreshadow the later events in
the novella, in which some animals become victim of the show trails
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● After Boxer reacts to kicking a stable-lad unconscious, Snowball responds with
the simple declarative “the only good human being is a dead one”, highlighting
Snowball’s ruthless personality from his emotionless reply to Boxer, emphasized
by the monosyllabic lexemes, creating a confident and assertive tone
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His ruthless nature
combined with his intellect makes him a fitting leader of the farm shown by his
thoughtful strategy during the battle of the Cowshed
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The verb “gave” indicates that Snowball had assumed
leadership and authority over the animals in which he was given the
responsibility of the “signal”
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Snowball dashed “straight” for Jones showing a lack of
hesitation and instinctive hatred for humans
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The onomatopoeia
verb “flung” highlights Snowball’s courage and righteousness, as it suggests that
Snowball was prepared to sacrifice himself to defeat Jones
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Snowball does this “without halting for
an instant”, implying that he acted instinctively with courage and determination,
emphasizing his bravery
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The rule of three
highlights Squealer’s ability to manipulate the other animals; the adjectives have
positive connotations implying that he is very skilled at controlling the other
animals’ thoughts and reality
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This is cataphoric of later events in the novella in which Squealer
changes the truth in which the other animals believe in
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This is emphasized by the sibilance which indicates
creates a sinister tone which indicates manipulative activity
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Furthermore, Squealer does this again while explaining that Boxer was
not taken to the Horse Slaughterer, highlighting his manipulative actions again
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The adverb
“almost” is ironic which suggests that the animals do not believe that Squealer is
telling them lies
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This is reinforced by the
clause “I hope”, which implies that the animals’ thoughts are immoral and
unreasonable
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The rhetorical question
makes the animals question their own thoughts leading to doubt in themselves
and an increase in trust in the pigs
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The
term “many of us” hints to the reader again that the pigs actually are being
selfish
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” The simple declarative creates a confident and assertive
tone
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The
second compound declarative “It is for your sake that we drink that milk and eat
those apples” puts the blame on the animals instead of the pigs”, emphasized by
the lexis “your” which is italicized
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Squealer
uses twisted logic to suggest to the animals that if the pigs did not take the
apples, the farm would break down
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Furthermore, the verb “depends” which has connotations of vital importance
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● “Tactics… The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer
spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled
so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation
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Despite the animals being
“not certain” what tactics meant, the contrasting connective “but” shows how the
animals have been manipulated and controlled
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The verb “growled” is onomatopoeic, emphasizing the
threat of the dogs to the reader, showing that the dogs were there to intimidate
the other animals
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● When the animals think that the act of trading with the other farmers was
forbidden, Squealer describes this as “pure imagination”
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This
is also ironic, as Squealer is not pure in that he skips from side to side when he
persuades the other animals
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● Squealer then asks the animals “are you certain?” using the rhetorical question,
making the animals question themselves
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This is followed by the rhetorical
question “have you any record?” The word record has connotations of a file
record, which the animals would not have had since most of the other animals
could not read
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Squealer
is trying to convince the masses, that what they are doing is right and just and
aligned with the ideas of Animalism
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The draft is in fact not too much different to Napoleon’s work on
Sundays, which is claimed to be optional but not in reality
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The adverbs “slowly and firmly” suggest that Squealer is acting
condescendingly and dictating what the other animals should believe from a
superior standpoint
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Squealer’s use of Napoleon’s name is used to take advantage of
Boxer’s loyalty and indefinite trust to Napoleon, indicating his sly and
manipulative nature
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The anaphora of the
adverb “categorically”, separated by a parenthesis indicates the emphasis on the
word
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A reader would have known what the word
categorically meant and have recognised Squealer’s manipulation of Boxer
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He says that it is a “deep and heavy responsibility”
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A reader would have recognised this as ironic as Napoleon does not in
fact work or labour, which suggests that the soviet propaganda is blatantly
tricking its citizens
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” The juxtaposition of
Snowball’s bravery and what the animals are now told to believe emphasizes
how the animals are easily manipulated and controlled, paralleling how the
citizens in the USSR were easily manipulated by the media there
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The
animals cannot verify this proof showing how Squealer has taken advantage of
the animals’ lack of ability to read
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Further manipulation of history is shown with the rhetorical question “Do you not
remember how” which makes the animals question their own memories,
emphasized by the confident tone created by the monosyllabic phrase “Do you
not”
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The verb “sprang” is onomatopoeic which is used to make
the lie more believable and realistic, while the visual image of “sank his teeth”
further emphasizes Napoleon’s heroic nature, while in reality, Napoleon was not
named during the battle of the Cowshed, emphasizing his cowardice
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The adverb “surely”, with its emphatic position is used
to emphasize Squealer’s assuring and confident tone, creating no doubt in the
animals’ minds that Squealer is wrong
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This is followed by the threat “you do
not want Jones back”, which puts the blame on the animals and the monosyllabic
assertive phrase “you do not want” makes the animals question themselves
rather than the pigs
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This threat is used ironically as the reader would
know that Mr Jones would never return to the farm, emphasizing how the animals
have been manipulated and controlled by Squealer’s propaganda
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The verb “cast” has connotations of magic and
superficiality, highlighting Squealer’s actions in animal farm, in which he
manipulates the other animals with such ease that it is comparable to magic,
conveying his God-like and Omni-potent abilities
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This shift in tone indicates to the reader that
Squealer is about to manipulate the animals again
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Squealer then “darted suspicious glances from side to side”
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The sibilance
suggests that his propaganda is more sinister than simply ensuring the other
animals obey Napoleon; it is also used to eliminate anyone who opposes the
farm in any means possible
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Manipulative
● In his introduction, Old Major establishes his authority on the farm through his
experience and age, which the other animals can’t match
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The alliteration of “long life” highlights his many experiences and the
length of his life through the long “l” sound
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This gives Old
Major credibility and suggests to the animals that they can trust what he is
saying
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Old Major uses the power of three “our lives are miserable, laborious
and short” to highlight the oppression experienced by the animals because of
man
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● Old Major tells the animals that they are “forced to work to the last atom of our
strength… we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty
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The metaphor “last atom of our strength” emphasizes man’s greed and
cruelty, suggesting that he will take advantage of the animals in any way he can
to the fullest extent
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The verb “slaughtered”
has connotations of mass killings and immoral activities which furthers the
animals’ hatred for man
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Old Major’s use of simple
language ensures that every animal on the farm has understood his message
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The adjective “plain” suggests that there are no exceptions to Old Major’s claims
reinforcing the animals’ hatred for every human
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Orwell’s use of emotive
language and his juxtaposition of the hard working and loyal Boxer to the evil
action of selling Boxer to the knacker emphasizes man’s cruelty and inhumane
qualities
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All
animals are comrades” to emphasize the clear division between the animals and
man
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This simplistic summary of the speech enables all the listeners, including all of
 

 

the unintelligent, to understand and feel as if they are included in the ideas and
encourages them to rebel
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Old Major is described as “highly regarded” suggesting that
he is greatly respected by the animals on the farm and has lead the farm on
multiple occasions previously
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The animals are described as “quite ready” which suggests an eager and
enthusiastic tone implying that Old Major is interesting and important
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This act suggests
that he has authority and respect over the other animals as they see him as a
leader
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● Old Major stands “on a sort of raised platform” suggesting that he is superior to
the other animals and indicates a level of respect
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● Old Major has a “wise and benevolent appearance”
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The adjective “benevolent” implies that Old Major is considered to always
have the animals’ best interest at heart, and is considerate and caring to the
other animals on the farm
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Marx believed that
capitalist exploited the workers or the proletariat, who are never rewarded for
their labour
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● Orwell was a socialist and therefore portrays Old Major in a respectable and
righteous light
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Determined
● Boxer is described as an “enormous beast”
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The noun “beast” has connotations of primal and savage behaviour,
and suggests that Boxer is dangerous but also capable of a large amount of
work
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Boxer also represents the purity and virtue of the proletariat,
who in Orwell’s eyes is cruelly exploited by both the capitalist system and corrupt
political leaders, such as Stalin
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This is emphasized through the adverb “very” indicating the extra effort Boxer put
it to avoid hurting the other animals
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The verb “settling” suggests Boxer is careful with where
he places his hoofs and also places his hoofs down firmly to support the other
animals “with great care”
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The adjective “hairy”
indicates a level of maturity and level of responsibility for the other animals on the
farm
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● Boxer’s strength and determination is emphasized when he is described using
the adjective “terrifying” during the battle of the Cowshed, which has
connotations of dominance and overwhelming power
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The simile “like a stallion”
suggests Boxer is powerful as it links to an animal which has not been castrated
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The fact that Boxer’s “very first blow” took out a
stable-lad from Foxwood outlines Boxer’s strength and loyalty to the farm, as he
doesn’t hesitate before he attacks
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● Boxer, in building the windmill is described to have “strained” himself against the
boulder
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The repetition of “inch by inch” reflects the slow and
laborious process in which Boxer is put through, in which it emphasizes each
inch which Boxer pulls the boulder as a laborious process
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● Boxer is described to have “filled everyone with admiration”, conveying a feeling
of respect from the reader
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The collective
pronoun “everyone” is hyperbolic and highlights Boxer’s great determination on
the farm
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● The farm is utterly dependent on him as the “entire work” seemed to “rest upon
his mighty shoulders”
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The metaphor “rest”
suggests that the farm is doing comfortably and that Boxer is doing more than
enough work for the farm
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Not only does Boxer bring in the harvest on time, his
physical strength and dedication is central to the success of the building of the
windmill
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Orwell uses euphemism
here to convey the euphoric mood of the animals, however it is hinted that Boxer
is not smart and therefore is easily manipulated
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● Boxer’s maxim “Napoleon is always right” is used by Boxer to answer any
questions which arise about the farm throughout the novella
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The adverb “always” suggests that Boxer trusts everything Napoleon says,
making his vulnerable to manipulation
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This is
representative of some of the proletariat, who mindlessly followed Stalin in the
USSR, and believed everything he said to be true
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Slogans such as these are powerful
weapons for leaders like Napoleon, who want to keep their followers devoted,
submissive and dumb
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This is
ironic as although Boxer is sent to the knacker, it is done under Napoleon instead
of Mr Jones
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Here, Boxer represents
 

 

the betrayal of animalism/communism and the selfishness of the upper-class in
society
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Orwell suggests that physical power is of
no use here: Boxer tries “with all his might” to remember the rest of the alphabet
but can never do so
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When Snowball is expelled from the farm,
Boxer is “vaguely troubled” but cannot articulate his concerns
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Orwell
implies that the strongest power of them all is the pigs’ intellect, in which they can
manipulate the other animals to work for them
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Orwell makes it clear
that Boxer’s “terrifying” power is only ever a force for good: even when fighting
for the survival of the farm
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Orwell is also careful to tell us that this act of violence was not
deliberate: “I forgot that I was wearing iron shoes”
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Boxer’s tone of confidence and determination emphasizes his loyalty and
willingness to work for the cause of the farm
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The emphatic position of the pronoun “I” outlines his personal
involvement and personal need to work for the farm
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The motto implicitly links the
oppression of capitalism with that of totalitarian communism, as in each case, the
state wholly ignores the suffering of those who strike to be virtuous and work
within the system
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● Boxer, in his dying breaths, says “It does not matter
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” Boxer’s loyalty and devotion to the farm is shown
in that Boxer puts the completion of the windmill in front of his own health
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Boxer is shown to the reader to have been faithful to the farm until the very end,
which makes his cruel death at the knackers later on in the novella sorrowful and
harsh, evoking a sense of hatred for the pigs from the reader
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Irony used to show naivety of animals
● Squealer “was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes”
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This also represents how the pigs
have taken advantage of the other animals, who have been eating on rations,
while Squealer has managed to gain weight from the overeating of food
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Orwell uses the ironic tone of the narrator and the adverb “somehow” to show
that the animals have no idea why the farm is prospering yet their working
conditions remain the same
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The contrasting connective “except” makes it clear to the
reader that the pigs and the dogs are keeping all of their luxuries and profits of
the farm to themselves
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● Orwell narrates that “If they [the animals] were hungry, it was not from feeding
tyrannical human beings”
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The adjective “tyrannical” highlights the animals’ deep hatred towards the
humans however it also suggests that they do not recognise the pigs’ tyranny
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The
adverbial “naturally” is ironic as it indicates that the animals do not realise that
the pigs are taking control of the farm
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The adverbial “generally recognised” hints to
the reader that not all the animals on the farm agree that the pigs should assume
authority and leadership, however they do nothing to prevent this
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These commandments
are the foundation for the post-revolutionary society; they echo Christianity’s Ten
 

 

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Commandments
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The adjectival phrase “unalterable law” suggests
that these commandments are set in stone and will never be changed, however
this is cataphoric of the end of the novella in which all of the commandments
have been changed, indicating the pigs manipulation of the rules and takeover of
the farm
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This is ironic as the
animals believe that they aren’t slaves despite working in a similar fashion to
slaves
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The animals are influenced by the illusion of freedom and choice, in that
they believe the farm is different after the revolution, however in reality nothing
has changed
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The irony present suggests to the reader that the animals are being
exploited in the same way as Mr Jones’ time however the difference is that they
have pride
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The
ironic tone suggests that the animals believe themselves that it is voluntary,
however in reality, if the animals don’t work, they will have their rations “reduced
by half”, highlighting to the reader that it is not voluntary at all
...
Orwell criticised the
USSR despite being socialist himself, because of the corruption present there
...
The sarcastic tone of “curiously enough”
informs the reader how blatantly Clover is being tricked, the feeling of curiosity
suggests that the animals feel something is wrong but are not intelligent enough
to figure it out
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Orwell narrates that “squealer, who happened to be passing at this moment,
attended by two or three dogs, was able to put the matter in its proper
perspective
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The reader would have known that Squealer was sent by Napoleon to
manipulate the animals into believing the new commandment; it would have been
recognised that the dogs were there to evoke fear in the animals to halt any
protest which could arise
...
The verb “pretended” is ironic as Orwell uses a sarcastic
tone to highlight how the animals are oblivious to the fact that the walls had fallen
down because they were too thin, and instead believe that it was caused by

 

Snowball, the scapegoat of the farm
...

● After the sixth commandment (“No animal shall kill any other animal”) was
changed, Orwell narrated that “Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped
out of the animals’ memory”
...
Orwell’s use of irony
here shows that the animals are gullible and trusting, and as a result, easy to
manipulate
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BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS” which is
oxymoronic and reflects the manipulation of the animals
...
The principles of animalism parallel the communist manifesto in which all
wealth and land is shared out equally to the people
...

● The theme of inequality is shown through the breakdown of animalism and the
pigs rise to power
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The whip is
used as a symbol of cruelty and slavery and its return to Animal Farm suggests
that life now would be no different to Jones’ day
...
The adverb “deadly” has connotations of darkness which may
suggest that the life ahead for the animals is one of “slavery”
...

Hierarchy in the Novella
● Early on, the milk and apples are “reserved” for the pigs which reflect their
superiority and privilege (and inequality amongst the animals)
...
The noun “privilege”
suggests that the pigs are of a higher status and authority over the other animals
...
The animals
by the end of the novella must “stand aside” if they met a pig on the same path,
reflecting the pigs’ superiority and that the animals are slaves to the pigs
...
The animals refer to Napoleon as “Our Leader, Comrade
Napoleon” which portrays him as the absolute leader of the farm
...
The reader would have recognised this contradictory phrase as symbolism
of the manipulation and deceit of the animals
...
Despite the euphoric mood at the start of the
chapter, a theme of inequality is presented
...
The verbs “directed”
and “supervised” suggest a level of superiority and authority over the other
animals
...

● A cyclical structure is revealed at the end of the novella in which the pigs and the
old humans such as the Tsar are shown to be the same
...
Orwell narrates that
“No animal had ever actually retired”
...
The adverb
“actually” also has connotations of surprise which the reader would have felt after
finding this out
...
Furthermore, the “creatures looked from pig to man, and from man
to pig, and from pig to man again, but it was impossible to say which was which”
...
The repetition of the nouns “pig” and “man”
convey the animals’ confusion and outlines the underlying idea that power
corrupts those who yield it, and that the governments will become totalitarian
...

● The animals’ rations suggest that there is a clear hierarchy in the novella
...

The contrasting connective “except” highlights the superiority of the pigs and
dogs, indicating to the reader that they are different from the other animals
...
Squealer states that “a too rigid equality in
rations… would be contrary to the principles of Animalism”
...
Squealer lies to the other animals, taking
advantage of their blind trust
...

 

 

Squealer’s Manipulation of the Animals
● Squealer manipulates the animals suggesting that they are not equal
...
The emotive verb “rob” suggests that it
is the animals which are doing wrong
...
This threat has a comic effect as the reader knows that Jones will not
come back, highlighting Squealer’s lies used to manipulate and brain wash the
animals, emphasized by his confident and assertive tone
...
The simple declarative creates a
confident and assertive tone
...
The second compound declarative “It is for your
sake that we drink that milk and eat those apples” puts the blame on the animals
instead of the pigs
...
Orwell criticises
this by exposing Squealer’s blatant lies

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