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Title: GCSE Grade 9 Spanish grammar notes
Description: over 30 pages of notes written myself I achieved a grade 9 contains all tenses and grammar with very high level examples
Description: over 30 pages of notes written myself I achieved a grade 9 contains all tenses and grammar with very high level examples
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GCSE Spanish Grammar
Nouns and articles
nouns -Gender
Every spanish noun has a gender- masculine or feminine
Usually:
Ends in -o
Masculine - el pueblo
Ends in -a
Feminine- la playa
Main exceptions:
El día- day
la foto-photo
El idioma- language
la moto-motorbike
El problema- problem
la mano-hand
El avión-plane
la bici-bike
El camión-lorry
la calle-street
El césped- lawn
la sal- salt
El pie- foot
la ley-law
El lápiz- pencil
la flor-flower
-plurals
singular
plural
Ending in a unstressed vowel, or a stressed é
or á
E
...
el día
Add -s
Los días
Ends in a stressed vowel or consonant
E
...
un jabalí
Add -es
Unos jabalíes
Ends in -z
E
...
el pez
Drop -z and add -ces
Los peces
2
-articles
The indefinite article
‘a/an’ or ‘some/any’
Singular
plural
Masculine
Un (a)
Unos (some)
Feminine
Una (a)
Unas (some)
-not used with jobs, occupation or status (soy profesor, soy estudiante de
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g el chico que estudia historia
El libro que lee es español
Comparatives
The comparative-
Used to compare two things
How is it formed?
Más adjective que= more
...
than
tan+adjective+como=as
...
el,la,los,las(+noun) +menos +adjective=the least…
9
The definite article and the adjective must agree with the noun described
E
...
el dibujo es el idioma menos interesante - art is the least interesting subjects
el/la mejor, los/las mejores-the best
el/la peor, los/las peores -the worst
Pronouns
-subject= the person/thing doing the action (shown by the verb)
-object= the person/thing having the action (shown by the verb) done to
it/them
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g estoy viendo la televisión
Imperfect continuous tense
19
Describes what was happening at a certain moment in the past
Imperfect tense of estar + the gerund
Estaba
Estabas
Estaba
+ gerund
Estábamos
Estabais
Estaban
E
...
Preterite time expressions
-ayer yesterday
-anoche last night
-anteayer/ antes de ayer the day before yesterday
-el verano pasado last summer
-la semana pasada last week
Regular endings:
ar
er
Ir
é
í
í
aste
iste
iste
20
ó
ió
ió
Amos
Imos
Imos
Asteis
Isteis
Isteis
aron
Ieron
Ieron
Ir
Ser
hacer
ver
Fui
Hice
vi
Fuiste
Hiciste
viste
Fue
hizo
Vio
Fuimos
Hicimos
vimos
Fuisteis
Hicisteis
Visteis
Fueron
hicieron
Vieron
Irregular preterite
Useful irregular preterite forms
andar
Anduve
I walked
dar
Di
I gave
decir
dije
I said
estar
Estuve
I was
poner
Puse
I put
saber
supe
I knew
tener
Tuve
I had
21
venir
vine
I came
Irregular spelling in the yo form only
cruzar
crucé
I crossed
empezar
empecé
I started
jugar
jugué
I played
Llegar
llegué
I arrived
tocar
toqué
I played
The imperfect tense
How to use it:
-what people used to do/how things used to be
E
...
g
...
g
...
-used to talk about future plans
E
...
voy a salir esta tarde - I am going to go out this afternoon
Va a comprar recuerdos-he is going to buy souvenirs
Ir (to go)
voy
Vas
Va
+ A
+ Infinitive
Vamos
Vais
23
van
Using the future tense:
-what will happen in the future
E
...
el año que viene será imposible encontrar un buen trabajo - next year it
will be impossible to find a good job
Ir - to go
some verbs use a different stem:
Iré
decir- diré (I will say)
Irάs
haber-habrá(there will be)
Irά
hacer-haré (I will make/do)
Iremos
poder-podré (I will be able to)
Iréis
querer-querré (I will want)
Irnά
saber-sabré (I will know)
Tener-tendré (I will have)
salir -saldré (I will leave)
Venir-vendré (I will come)
The conditional
Endings for all verbs
I
ía
24
you
Ías
he/she/it
Ía
We
íamos
You (plural)
íais
they
Ían
Some verbs use a different stem
decir- dirí
haber-habriá
hacer-haría
poder-podría
querer-querría
saber-sabría
Tener-tendría
salir -saldría
Venir-vendría
Use poder in the conditional + the infinitive, to say what you could do
E
...
podríamos a Irlanda
Use deber in the conditional + infinitive to say what you should do
E
...
debería fumar menos cigarrillos
25
Can also be used to express future intent
E
...
g
...
g he ido a la biblioteca - he has been to the library
Using the pluperfect tense
-describes what someone had done or something that had happened at a
particular time in the past
E
...
Can also be formal or informal
E
...
toma la primera calle a la izquierda - take the first street on the left
Poned la mesa - set the table
No tiréis basura al suelo- Don’t throw rubbish on the floor
Positive commands
The tú command (informal singular) is formed by removing the -s from the
tú form of the present tense
28
Infinitive
Tú present tense
Tú imperative
hablar
Hablas
Habla
comer
Comes
Come
Vivir
Vives
Vive
The vosotros command (informal plural) is formed by taking the infinitive,
removing the -r and adding -d
Infinitive
Vosotros imperative
hablar
hablad
comer
comed
Vivir
Vivid
Irregular imperatives (have irregular tú forms)
decir
Di
say
hacer
haz
do
Ir
ve
go
dar
da
give
salir
sal
leave
tener
ten
have
29
To give a formal command (usted or ustedes forms), always use the
present subjunctive
-to form the present subjunctive, replace the -o ending of the ‘I’ form of the
present tense
How to use the subjunctive
-
To express doubt or uncertainty
E
...
no creo que tenga tiempo - I don’t think I have time
-after ojalá
E
...
ojalá (que) nadie me vea - Let’s hope no one sees me
-to express a wish with querer que
E
...
¿quieres que nos vayamos? - Do you want us to go?
-to deny information is true
E
...
no es verdad que sea adicto al ordenador - it isn’t true that I’m a
computer addict
-after cuando when talking about the future
E
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
Faltar
Me falta
I’m missing…
Title: GCSE Grade 9 Spanish grammar notes
Description: over 30 pages of notes written myself I achieved a grade 9 contains all tenses and grammar with very high level examples
Description: over 30 pages of notes written myself I achieved a grade 9 contains all tenses and grammar with very high level examples