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Light microscopes magnify up to about x2000, and have a resolving power of about 200 nm
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2nm
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Animal cell features common to all cells - a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane,
mitochondria, and ribosomes
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Many plant cells also contain chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole filled with sap
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Prokaryotic cells consist of cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall
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It forms a single DNA loop
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Bacteria are all prokaryotes
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As an animal cell differentiates to form a specialised cell it acquires different subcellular
structures to enable it to carry out a certain function
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Animal cells may be specialised to function within a tissue, an organ, organ systems, or
whole organisms
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Examples of specialised plant cells are root hair cells, photosynthetic cells, xylem cells, and
phloem cells
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Diffusion is the spreading out of particles of any substance, in solution or a gas, resulting in a
net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, down
a concentration gradient
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Dissolved substances such as glucose and urea and gases such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide move in and out of cells by diffusion
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It is the movement of water from a dilute to a more
concentrated solute solution through a partially permeable membrane that allows water to
pass through
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Animal cells can be damaged if the concentration outside the cell changes dramatically
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There are a variety of practical investigations that can be used to show the effect of osmosis
on plant tissues
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Active transport uses energy released from food in respiration to provide the energy
required
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Active transport enables sugar molecules used for cell respiration to be absorbed from lower
concentrations in the gut into the blood were the concentration of sugar is higher
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In multicellular organisms, many organs are specialised with effective exchange surfaces
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In animals, exchange surfaces will have an efficient blood supply or, for
gases exchange, be ventilated

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