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Grade 10 Science notes
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Chloroplast: Turns sunlight into sugar
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Mitochondria: Provides cell with usable energy
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Ribosome: Makes protein for cell growth and repair
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Golgi bodies: Packages protein and determines where they go within
the cell
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Cell membrane: Controls what enters or exits the cell
Nucleolus: Involved in making proteins
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Cell Theory
-All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
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-All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living
matter
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● Eukaryote: A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each
surrounded by a thin membrane
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● Cell Membrane: The cell is covered by a flexible double-layered cell
membrane
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Small molecules like oxygen and water can
easily pass through the cell membrane while larger molecules cannot
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Genetic information is stored on chromosomes
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● Mitochondria: They make energy available to the cell
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They contain enzymes that
help to convert the stored energy into an easily usable form
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● Endoplasmic reticulum: A three-dimensional network of branching
tubes and pockets
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They
transport materials like protein through the cell
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● Golgi bodies: Collect and process materials to be removed from the
cell
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● Vacuoles: Single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac
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These
include containing some substances, removing unwanted substances
from the cell and maintaining internal fluid pressure(turgor) within the
cell
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It is made
of cellulose
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This hard material may hold together long after the plant had died
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● Chloroplasts: These are only found in plant cells
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It also absorbs light
energy, this will later be used in photosynthesis- the process of
converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
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The importance of the cell division
Cell division for reproduction
● Sexual reproduction: involves only one parent and all the
offspring are genetically identical to the parent
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The cells involved in sexual
reproductions are called gametes and are different from normal
body cells because they contain half of the DNA usually found
in a cell
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Cell division for growth
-Cell increases in number as an organism grows
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Cells contain plenty of water
where chemical reactions can occur
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● Diffusion: Transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and
out of the cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration
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Cell division for repair
-Your body sheds dead skin cells are replaced by new ones
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If you break a
bone, cells divide to heal the break
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All organisms need to repair themselves to
stay alive
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These stages make up what is known as the cell cycle
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● Interphase: Cells grow and prepare to divide
● Mitosis & cytokinesis: Cell division occurs
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During INTERPHASE, the cell is carrying out all life activities
except division
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During this stage, the genetic material, DNA is in very long, thin,
invisible strands
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The strands
are duplicated so that there are two identical strands of the genetic
material
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● Cell division: It occurs in two-stage, the division of the contents of the
nucleus and cytokinesis, the division of the rest of the cell, such as
cytoplasm, organelles, and cell membrane
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Cancer
-The cell cycle in your body
● The cell cycle is responsible for the growth and development of
all your body cells
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-Cancer: The cell cycle out of control
● A cell’s DNA tells it when to divide
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● Cancer cells begin to divide uncontrollably
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They don’t follow the normal cell cycle, instead divide really
really quickly interfering with surrounding cells and disrupting
their function
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Normal and cancerous cells structure
Types of cancerous growth
-Benign Tumor
● The cell grows in one area of the body, producing a tumor or lump
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-Malignant cancer
● Cancer cells produce malignant tumours which can break off, enter
the bloodstream, and move to other parts of the body where they can
continue to grow and uncontrollably
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-Many substances have been known to cause cancer by damaging the
DNA inside of cells
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Treatment of cancer
● Surgery- All or part of the cancer is surgically removed
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● Chemotherapy- drugs that are taken (usually intravenously) to kill
cancer cells that are quickly multiplying
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