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Description: International Baccalaureate Biology SL Topic 3.4 2016 Clear and detailed notes of topic 3.4 from the book and lecture
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Inheritance
Topic 3
...
loki)
○
The particular position of a gene on homologous chromosomes
1
Inheritance
Topic 3
...
4
Biology SL
Blood type
➢ 4 possible phenotypes A, B, AB, 0
○
Three different alleles that can produce 6 different genotypes
➢
The gene for the blood type is represented by the letter I (I and i)
➢
IA : allele for producing proteins called type A antigens
○
Gives type A blood
■
IA IA or IAi
➢ IB: allele for producing proteins called type B antigens
○
Gives type B blood
■
IBIB or IBi
➢ i: recessive allele that does not produce neither A nor B antigens
○
Gives type 0 blood
■
ii
➢ When I I , then type AB blood, since A and B are codominant
A B
➢ “+” and “-” are controlled by another gene
➢ Blood type determines the surface of the red blood cells
○
What carbohydrates there are on the surface
Autosomal genetic disease
➢ The locus of their gene is found on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, and
not on the sex chromosomes
➢ Examples:
○
Albinism
■
○
Little or no pigmentation
Cystic fibrosis
■
Affected individuals produce excessive amounts of mucus
○
Thalassemia
○
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
○
Tay Sachs disease
○
Sickle cell disease and trait
➢ A few autosomal genetic diseases are also coded for by a dominant allele
○
Example: Huntington’s disease
■
Affected individuals suffer worsening involuntary movement and
dementia
■
Disease breaks out at the age of 30-40
3
Inheritance
Topic 3
...
4
Biology SL
Mutations, genetic diseases and cancer
➢ DNA is not supposed to be modified, but exposure to radiation or carcinogens can
modify the code and cause serious health threats
➢ Mutations can also occur due to an error in replication
➢ Products with cancer-causing or mutagenic properties are restricted or forbidden
○
Joint effect: using/being exposed to many different things that cause
mutations or cancer that are not dangerous on their own, but become when
used together
➢ Radiation knocks one or more base pairs out of place modifying the genetic code
○
Sometimes they can be benign, but others are harmful
➢ Large amounts of radiation leaked in the Hiroshima bombing (1945), the Chernobyl
(1986) and Fukushima (2011) incidents
○
Radiation can still be detected in those places
○
Nature seems to be doing fine, but there are animals and plants whose DNA
has been modified
○
Cancer studies have shown an increase in cancer frequency in people who
lived 30 km from the reactor
5
Description: International Baccalaureate Biology SL Topic 3.4 2016 Clear and detailed notes of topic 3.4 from the book and lecture