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Title: Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Description: These notes contain a basic summary of cell organelles, plus an in depth description of where these organelles are present and what their uses are! Fundamental biology knowledge. These notes are explained in the simplest form! (includes nucleus, ribosomes, rough / smooth endoplasmic reticulum, motor neurone cells and more!
Description: These notes contain a basic summary of cell organelles, plus an in depth description of where these organelles are present and what their uses are! Fundamental biology knowledge. These notes are explained in the simplest form! (includes nucleus, ribosomes, rough / smooth endoplasmic reticulum, motor neurone cells and more!
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Organelles and Their Functions
Table of Contents
Cell Organelles – Summary
...
3
Mitochondria
...
5
Golgi Body
...
7
Chloroplasts
...
9
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Cell Organelles – Summary
Ribosome – Site of protein synthesis (mRNA > amino acids)
...
Cytoskeleton – A network of protein fibres that maintain and stabilise the cell’s shape
...
Cell Membrane – Known as the phospholipid bilayer and is responsible for the control of substances
moving in and out of the cell
...
No ribosomes present
...
Nucleolus – Makes RNA and ribosomes and sends them to the cytoplasm
...
Contains the cristae (folded membrane)
and the matric (fluid)
...
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Covered in ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis and then
their transport
...
Then places them into vesicles for
transportation
...
Contains grana, thylakoids,
and stroma
...
Filled with fluid and other storage materials
to help support the cell
...
Cell Wall – Made of strands of cellulose that create a rigidity to help support the cell
...
linktr
...
The double nuclear envelope encloses and protects DNA (normally visible as chromatin granules)
...
This makes the perinuclear space continuous with the lumen of the endoplasmic
reticulum, allowing easy transport of substances
...
Normally, the pores are plugged by an RNA /
protein complex
...
Nucleoplasm contains chromatin granules made of DNA and associated proteins
...
Nucleoplasm also contains nucleoli which
produces partially completed ribosomes, coenzymes, nucleotides, proteins (including enzymes for
nucleic acid synthesis) and RNA molecules
...
linktr
...
The double membrane of mitochondria isolates reactions of the Kreb’s cycle and electron transfer
chain from the general cytoplasm
...
The outer membrane is permeable to small molecules such as sugars, salts, and nucleotides
...
The inner membrane is
spanned by proteins (porins) which allows the entry of pyruvic acid and oxygen and the exit of ATP
and carbon dioxide
...
The matric contains 70S ribosomes for protein manufacture – e
...
, enzymes
...
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum is a system of hollow tubes and sacs which allows the transport of substances
within the cell
...
These ribosomes may synthesise proteins which can then be transported through the
cell in the cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum
...
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a system of interconnected tubules which lacks ribosomes
...
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the site of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
...
It is
also involved in the modification of substances such as steroid hormones which will then me
secreted
...
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Golgi Body
The Golgi body consists of flattened cristae (membrane bound cavities) which may be stacked on top
of each other, and which may invaginate and fuse to form vesicles
...
Vesicles contain materials to be secreted
...
The Golgi body is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
...
For example, carbohydrates may be added to
proteins to form glycoproteins such as mucus which then is encloses in vesicles to prepare for
secretion out of the cell
...
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Ribosomes
Ribosomes consist of two parts: the large subunit and the small subunit
...
The rRNA part of the ribosome is formed in the nucleus and moved out of the
nucleus via the pores
...
Ribosomes may occur in
dense clusters in the cytoplasm where they are known as polysomes or may occur in the membrane
of the endoplasmic reticulum
...
They also provide two sites for the binding of two tRNA molecules
...
Ribosomes recognise the initiation and termination codons on mRNA
...
This allows for the decoding of the mRNA and synthesis of a
polypeptide chain
...
linktr
...
The double membrane allows the isolation of photosynthetic reactions
...
Grana allow for a huge surface area for the assembly of chlorophyll molecules for light absorption
and also allow the sequential attachment of enzymes and coenzymes involved in the electron
transfer chain of the light-dependent stage
...
The stroma contains starch grains which act as a carbohydrate store
...
The stroma contains pyrenoids-crystallised RuBPC- the enzyme that fixes carbon
dioxide
...
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Motor Neuron Cell
A motor neuron cell contains a nucleus, Nissl granules, long axons, nodes of Ranvier, synaptic knobs,
and dendrites
...
The cell body of a motor neuron cell contains dense groups of ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
called Nissl granules
...
Long axons contain axoplasm (which allows transport between the cell body and the axon)
...
Synapses, where two nerves join, is
the slowest part of transmission, so the longer the axon, the fewer the synapses and the faster the
impulses are transmitted
...
Schwann cells of myelin sheath speed up the impulse because they increase the
surface area for the transmission of the current
...
The synaptic knob at the end of dendrites contains many mitochondria to provide ATP for active
refilling of synaptic vessels, which are vital for the modification / release of chemical transmitters
across the synapse
...
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Created By @Steviesstudies – Stevie-Jade Vickers 2021
www
...
ee/studywithstevie/
Title: Cell Organelles and Their Functions
Description: These notes contain a basic summary of cell organelles, plus an in depth description of where these organelles are present and what their uses are! Fundamental biology knowledge. These notes are explained in the simplest form! (includes nucleus, ribosomes, rough / smooth endoplasmic reticulum, motor neurone cells and more!
Description: These notes contain a basic summary of cell organelles, plus an in depth description of where these organelles are present and what their uses are! Fundamental biology knowledge. These notes are explained in the simplest form! (includes nucleus, ribosomes, rough / smooth endoplasmic reticulum, motor neurone cells and more!