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THE ENLIGHTMENT
The Enlightenment was the most important cultural movement of the 18th century
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The
Enlightenment philosophy was firstly empirical with Locke or Hume but also rationalist with Descartes: from
empiricism, other movements were born as the sensim, the materialism and the mechanism which tried to
find the solutions for the natural phenomena with scientific laws and not in supernatural beings
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The Enlightenment ideas were spread in Europe very quickly in fact the intellectuals called Philosophes from
the middle classes met in the coffee houses or in cultural gatherings where they discuss about different topics
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In the same time, in France
several philosophers as Diderot, D’ Alembert, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu realized a great volume, the
Encyclopedia, which reassumed all the human knowledge in different fields from economy to religion, policy
and education and it was characterized by a new faith in the science and technological progress
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It didn’t deny the presence of God in human life but this Supreme Power had only
created the world and didn’t intervene in human decisions, moreover the deism’s God was a being created by
the intellect and not by fanaticism
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Both deism and atheism
believed in a new and innovative spirit of tolerance because the human diversity was even freedom of worship
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Both of them affirmed that farming was the first source of wealth in a country so was necessary to
improve it and increase new systems abolishing the constraints
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This led to the freedom of the market and of exchange without
direct intervention by the state: the liberalism
The Enlightenment philosophers and intellectuals were against absolutism and the Ancient regime in the name
of human freedom and equality in fact especially in France among the nobles three literati proposed new
politic models
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In those years, even the women struggle for equal rights started to happen especially in London,
UK

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