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Chapter 16 Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer
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Morphogenesis encompasses the processes that give shape to the organism and its various structures
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 Differentiation: the process by which cells become specialized in structure and
function
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In the process of induction signaling molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in
nearby target cells
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Positional Information the molecular cues that control pattern
formation, tells a cell its location relative to the body’s axes and to other cells
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egg-polarity genes  morphogens: gradients of substances that establish
an embryo’s axes and other feature of its form 

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 Certain embryonic stem cells from animal embryos or
adult stem cells can reproduce and differentiate in vitro as well as in vivo, offering the potential for
medical use
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Induced pluripotent stem cells resemble
ES cells in their capacity to differentiate; they can be generated by reprogramming differentiated cells
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3 Abnormal regulation of genes that affect the cell cycle can lead to cancer
 The product of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes control cell division
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A tumor-suppressor gene encodes a protein that inhibits
abnormal cell division and possibly to cancer
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 Oncogenes: cancer-causing genes  proto-oncogenes: normal versions of the
cellular genes that code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division
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 p53 gene: a tumor suppressor gene 



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