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Title: Bones of the upper limb
Description: A description of all the bones of the upper limb with their anatomical postions, main features and and muscle relations
Description: A description of all the bones of the upper limb with their anatomical postions, main features and and muscle relations
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Bones of the upper limb:
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Clavicle
o Anatomical position
Lateral – flattened extremity (acromial end)
Inferior – surface having a groove towards the middle (subclavian groove)
Anterior – border which is concave towards the (flattened extremity) lateral
half
Scapula
o Anatomical position
Posterior – the surface having an outward projection (spinous process)
horizontally
Superior – the thiner and smaller border (sharpest) (superior border)
Lateral – the greatest angle presenting a pear shaped concavity (glenoid
fossa)
Humerus
o Anatomical position
Superior – the extremity with a cylindrical head
Medial – the articular surface of the head
Anterior – the deep groove of the proximal extremity (the bicipital groove)
Ulna
o Anatomical position
Superior – the largest extremity (head of the ulna)
Anterior – the notch of the larger extremity (ulnar notch)
Lateral – the sharpest body of the body of the bone (interosseous border)
Radius
o Anatomical position
Inferiorly – the largest extremity presenting a head (distal end)
Posteriorly – the surface of the largest extremity presenting grooves (grooves
for the extensor muscles)
Lateral – the descending process of the largest extremity (the styloid process)
Carpals – [carpus]
o
o 2 rows, 8 bones
Proximal row (lateral to medial [radial to ulnar])
Scaphoid
o Boat shaped
o Articulates with the (5 bones)
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Lunate, Capitate, radius
Lunate
o Moon shaped
o Articulates with (5 bones)
Radius, scaphoid, capitate, hamate, triquetrum
Triquetrum
o Triangle shaped
o On the ulnar side of the hand, but does not articulate with
the ulna
o Articulates with (3 bones)
Pisiform, lunate, hamate
Pisiform
o Pea shaped (sesamoid bone)
o Sitting on the triquetrum, it only articulates with it
Distal row (lateral to medial [radial to ulnar])
Trapezium
o Almost circular in shape
o Articulates with (4 bones)
Metacarpal of the pollix (1st metacarpal), scaphoid,
trapezoid, metacarpal of the index (2nd metacarpal)
Trapezoid
o Four sided with different angles
o Articulates with (4 bones)
Metacarpal of the index (1st metacarpal), scaphoid,
capitate, trapezoid
Capitate
o The most rectangular carpal bone
o Articulates with (7 bones)
2nd,(index), 3rd (middle) and 4th (ring finger)
metacarpal bones, scaphoid, trapezoid, lunate and
lunate
Hamate
o Having the hook of hamate (hamulus ossis hamate) which
serves as a landmark
o Articulates with 5 bones)
4th and 5th metacarpal bones, triquetrum, lunate and
capitate
Metacarpals – [metacarpus]
o They are the bones of the hand, after the carpal bones (distal to them)
o Except for the first metacarpal (of the thumb), their movement is very limited
o Numbered by roman numerals I‐V
o They have a
Base – the end of the bone closest to the wrist
Shaft – the body of the bone
Head – the extremity closest to the fingers
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Phalanges – [ossa digitorum manus]
o There are 14 phalanges in the human hand, 3 in the digits 2‐5 (index, medis, digitus
anularis, digitus minimus) and 2 digits in the thumb (the pollex doesn’t have a middle
phalanx)
o
Pollex – 1st digit
Index – 2nd digit
Medis – 3rd digit
Digitus anularis – 4th digit
Digitus minimus – 5th digit
The distal phalanx is the smallest and carries the nail (tuberositas phalanges distalis)
Title: Bones of the upper limb
Description: A description of all the bones of the upper limb with their anatomical postions, main features and and muscle relations
Description: A description of all the bones of the upper limb with their anatomical postions, main features and and muscle relations