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PHARMACOLOGY
CHAPTER 4
STUDY GUIDE
ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIFUNGALS

Bacteria
Single – celled organisms that occur in almost all
environments

Types of Bacteria
Aerobic – Need oxygen to survive
Anaerobic – Can survive in the absence of oxygen
Pathogenic Bacteria – Bacteria that is harmful

Bacteria Classification
- Bacteria are classified according to two characteristics

❖ Shape and Size
1
...
Bacilli – rodshaped
3
...
Grampositive
(Purple)
2
...
Sulfonamides - Preventing folic acid synthesis
2
...
Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Aminoglycosides –
Block protein formation
4
...
Daptomycin – Disrupt cell membranes
6
...
A sensitivity test
checks to see what kind of medicine, such as an antibiotic,
will work best to treat the illness or infection
...
In this
situation,
The patient is given a broad-spectrum antibiotic
...

Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic
- Antibiotic that is effective against multiple organisms
Empirical Treatment
- Treatment begun before a definite diagnosis can be obtained
Bactericidal Agent
- Kills the
invading
organism
Bacteriostatic Agent
- Inhibits the
growth of
bacteria

Administration of Antibiotics
Choice of Route of
Administration
- Depends on site and severity of
infection
- Depends on bacteria suspected
to be causing it

Administration
- Antibiotics are best given at even intervals throughout the
day
- In children, dosed for an entire day, based on child’s weight
- In children, given in divided doses
*Always refer to the package insert or other
reliable sources to verify proper dosing and
double-check dose calculations for children

Evaluating Outcome of Antibiotic Treatment
1
...
Microbiologic Response
- Organism is completely eradicated

*Bacterial infections are contagious until antibiotics have been
administered for 24-48 hours*
*Viral Infections are not treated by antibiotics*

CONSIDERATIONS

*Antibiotics can interfere with birth control pills
during drug therapy and 1 week after by reducing
the effectiveness of the pill, so while taking
antibiotics, patients on birth control may become
pregnant*

*Most antibiotics should be taken on an empty
stomach*

*Auxiliary label on the bottle is the label that
advises the patient that ALL of the medication
should be used*

Side Effects and Dispensing Issues

Parenteral
- Should me mixed exactly as directed by manufacturers or ca
o Be ineffective
o Cause tissue or vein irritation
o Renal failure
o Death
Oral
- When dispensing, it is important to swab counting tray with
alcohol to prevent cross – contamination especially with
penicillin and sulfa drugs
...
Aminoglycosides
-cin
Side Effects
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ototoxicity
Treats
- Sepsis
Drug
- Gentamicin

2
...
Not
recommended for people with diabetes
...
Tetracyclines
cyclineSide Effects
- Expiration causes renal failure
- Discoloration of teeth
Treats
-Effective against anthrax
Drug
-Vibramycin

4
...
Sulfonamides
sulSide Effects
-

Wipe trays after counting/dispensing
Auxiliaries take with food
Avoid sun while taking
Steven Johnson’s Syndrome

Treats
- UTI
Drug
- Bactrim
- Septra
*First true class of antibiotics

6
...
Ketolides
Side Effects
- May cause blurred vision
8
...
-floxacin

Side Effects
- Bitter taste in mouth
Drug
- Cipro
- Levaquin
10

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