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ADMINISTRATION
AND SUPERVISION
IN SCHOOLS
(CLASS LECTURES)

2

DISCLAIMER:
Most of the laws mentioned in this lecture is based on
Philippines’ Education System
...
Technically, it is the organization, direction, and coordination and
control of human and material resources to achieve the desired ends
...
Autocratic
Authority is derived by persons from the situation and is shared by all who participate in
the planning
...
Final authority is vested in the group
...

Under the autocratic type of school administration are:
1) extrinsic-dualistic
2) line and staff
3) laissez-faire

II
...
Training and Guidance:
o Emphasis is placed upon the improvement of the teacher, as well as her techniques
...
Coercive Type
o Only people with ability or intelligence should participate in the administration of the
school
...
Democratic Type
o enlists the teachers’ cooperation in the formulation of policies, plans and procedures
...


SUPERVISION
According to Good, supervision refers to all efforts designated school officials directed
toward providing leadership for teachers and other educational workers in the improvement of
instruction
...
Extrinsic-dualistic

Administration & Supervision in Schools

5

o no centralization of authority
o no definition of lines
o no mechanism for cooperation
2
...

3
...

o The child develops as an organic whole
...

o Supervision is an enterprise which aims to provide an environment in which teachers may
live a wholesome and creative life
...

4
...

5
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

6

o Planning, leadership, conduct and evaluation of instructional improvement should be
shared by the teaching personnel
...
Democratic Supervision
o This democratic type of school administration provides opportunity for cooperation- group
process is used in this type of school administration
7
...


MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SUPERVISION
Inspection
Absolute Freedom
Compulsion Type

Studying and improving the teacherlearner situation
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

7

THE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONCEPT
OF ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

TRADITIONAL

MODERN

To have a vivid picture of the modern trend in school administration and supervision, it is
necessary to briefly discuss its traditional concept
...
Teachers are expected to listen
to administrators and supervisors, and to carry their directives without questions
...
Traditional administration and supervision place
more emphasis upon techniques and the use of subjective devices and autocratic procedures
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

8

Traditional administrators and supervisors consider themselves as experts and work outside
of the group under their control and supervision
...

Early in the history of school administration and supervision, operations were largely on a
personal and practical basis
...

The conception of administration and supervision during those times reflected the existing
practices in business and industry whereby the manager, with the approval of the board of
directors, determined the policy and directed the operation of the company and the work of its
employees
...

In other words, the concept of administration and supervision has gradually moved from the
improvement of instruction to the improvement of the learning process
...
Modern administration and supervision see
education
...
Facts and information are secured using
scientific and objective devices
...
Interdependence and cooperation are the
essential characteristics of modern administration and supervision
...
Integration of school and community activities calls for democratic
leadership which functions in a group situation through cooperative action
...
It can also be said that modern administration and supervision are considerably broader n
their scope and functions than were encompassed in their earlier concepts and practices
...

The traditional and modern concepts of school administration and supervision can be
summarized as follows:
TRADITIONAL
Based on the philosophy that the teacher is
the center of administrative and supervisory
activities
Subjected
Individualistic and regimented
Puts more emphasis on techniques
Practices leadership through compulsion,
coercion, and imposition
Regards classroom visitation as an isolated
activity from other projects

MODERN
Recognizes the child and its growth
Based on facts and utilize scientific and
modern devices and procedures
Socialistic and cooperative
Based on principles
Practices democratic leadership through
stimulation, direction, and guidance
Covers the whole teaching-learning factors
which are resident in the pupils, in the
teachers, in the administrators and
supervisors, and in the school

Administration & Supervision in Schools

10

USES OF PRINCIPLES IN SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

PRINCIPLE is considered as a law, a doctrine, a policy, or a deep-seated belief which
governs the conduct of various types of human activities
...
Principle may be considered a law, a doctrine, a policy, or a deep-seated belief which governs
the conduct of various types of human endeavor
...
A sound principle is formulated from carefully observed facts or objectively
measured results which are common to a series of similar experiences
...


Uses of Principle in School Administration and Supervision
1
...
(It means that in the operation or in administering/supervising functions, there is an
organize step-by step schedule or program of activities to be followed
...
Principles are fundamental in improving teaching-learning process
...
)
3
...
)
4
...
(Through it, we can avoid waste of
time on what to do, but instead they give us direction or point of destination
...
Principles greatly aid in the discovery of new techniques
...
)
6
...

7
...
(It is not only use to determine
on what appropriate techniques to be used, but it can also serve as measurement/basis as to how
effective is the technique or procedures
...
Principles define the items which must be scrutinized in evaluating results
...
Principles are used to evaluate the success of administrative and supervisory programs
...
Principles lead the administrators and supervisors to further activities for they are dynamic
...
School Administrator and Supervisor must be democratic
...
School Administration and Supervision must be cooperative
...
School Administration and Supervision, to be effective, must be scientific
...
School Administration and Supervision must be based on accepted educational philosophy
...
School Administration and Supervision must be creative
...
Administration and Supervision must be evaluated in the light of their results
...
Responsibility and control in matters of school administration and supervision must run parallel
throughout the system
...
School administration must be distinguished from supervision
...
School administration and supervision must be preventive and constructive
...
School administration and supervision must be centered on child growth and development
...
School administration and supervision must be flexible
...
The teacher- participation should be stimulated in the kind of education that will provide good
citizenship training
...
There should be a developed curriculum that guarantees continuous pupil-growth
...
The educational program of the school embodies the cooperative efforts of faculty and student
alike
...
The building and equipment should be used to maximum capacity
...
All school facilities should be utilized that every child is given an opportunity to participate in
the educational offerings of the school
...
The various members of the school personnel should be assigned in such a way that everyone
can utilize his energies toward the achievement of maximum efficiency
...
The formulation of the school policies should follow democratic principles of faculty and pupils’
participation and cooperation
...
The authority that is delegated by the principal to the members of his staff should be used wisely
...
The authority that is delegated by the principal to the members of his staff should be used wisely
...
Well – trained teachers and other personnel should be secured and then should be given the
freedom of activity that is commensurate with their ability to use it effectively
...
All educational responsibilities should be defined carefully and specifically, and they should
be understood by all concerned
...
The best interest of the entire school should be basic to any decision that is relative to the
welfare of the pupils, the teachers, or the school in general
...
The leadership of the principal should be such as to inspire all-pupils and teachers alike-toward
better and more complete accomplishment
...
An attitude of constructive rather than destructive criticism should be characteristics of all
members of the staff and of the student body
...
The state opens schools and colleges where it is necessary
...

State governments have the authority to regulate public preschool, primary, and secondary
education; license private preschool, primary, and secondary schools; and license or otherwise
regulate parents providing home schooling
...


What is education and its functions?
Main purpose of education is to educate individuals within society, to prepare and qualify
them for work in economy as well as to integrate people into society and teach them values and
morals of society
...
These include socialization, social integration, social placement, and
social and cultural innovation
...
One of these is child care
...
Department Order No
...
1955: The Secretary of Education provides that religious
instruction may be scheduled during the school session in such a way as to enable the teacher in
religion to teach in the public school building for more than one thirty-minutes period a day, three
times a week, to different groups of pupils in the same school, provided no pupil is given
instruction under this arrangement for more than the maximum length of time allowed by law
...
Republic Act No
...


3
...
709: This act made the teaching of Spanish obligatory in all courses of public
and private colleges and universities in the Philippines
...
Republic Act No
...
These courses shall be given as a part of the school studies and/or language arts
in the high school; and the social sciences in the colleges and universities
...
Republic Act No
...
(Approved, June 22, 1957)

6
...
5181: This act replaced Republic Act No
...
A
...
1881
...
It is, however, provided that the Board of National Education is authorized, in
consideration of the particular relevance and importance of Spanish, the require additional units
for such courses as it may determine, on the exercise of its discretion
...


7
...
19, s
...
This Order also approved the changing of
the terminology of “Arithmetic” into “Elementary Mathematics”, with the aim of enabling the
Filipino child to achieve a deeper understanding of the science of numbers and mathematical
concepts
...
Republic Act No
...
The act states that the
“students seeking admission to medical school must have a Bachelor’s degree in Science or in
Arts
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

17

9
...
6-A: This decree is known as Educational Development Decree of
1972
...
To
accomplish those aims, educational efforts are to be directed toward broad general education,
training of manpower in the middle-level skills, development of high level professions that will
provide leadership for the nation and extension of knowledge through research, and systematic
planning to meet changing needs and conditions
...
Commonwealth Act No
...
This office was charged to eliminate illiteracy, to
provide for vocational guidance, and to give citizenship training
...
94 abolished
the Office of Adult Education under the Department of Education and transferred its functions
over to the Bureau of Public Schools, where it is a division
...


2
...
124 - this law requires private schools, colleges and universities having an
enrollment of 300 or more to employ a part or full-time physician who will conduct an annual
physical examination of their students (Approved: June 14, 1947)
...
Republic Act No
...


4
...
4206 - This law prohibits the collection of contributions for the Red Cross,
Anti-Tuberculosis, PTA’s, school athletic meets, medical and dental services or any other project
or purpose, whether voluntary or otherwise, from school children of public primary and

Administration & Supervision in Schools

19

intermediate schools
...


5
...
4090 - An act providing for state scholarship in science, arts and letters and
for poor and deserving students, creating a state scholarship council to integrate, systematize,
administer and implement all program of scholarship, and appropriate funds thereof
...
Republic Act No
...
4206 the collection of contribution for
Anti-Tuberculosis, Parent, Teacher Associations, School athletic meets, medical and dental service
school children and teachers of public primary of intermediate and high school is hereby
prohibited
...


7
...
6139 - This act is known as the “Tuition Fee Law”
...
The law requires 180 days
before effectively
...


8
...
146 - This Decree is known as the National College Entrance
Examination was promulgated with no other purpose but to regulate the admission of students to
all four year or five-year degree programs in the country so as to improve the quality of higher
education and to distribute students among different courses, thus meeting the manpower needs of
the country
...
Commonwealth Act No
...


2
...
364: This act authorizes all vocational school to collect tuition fees, receive
contributions from private persons and to contract loans from the government and private banks
and other financial institutions and to create a special trust fund for each school
...
Republic Act No
...


4
...
5447: This act is otherwise known as Special Educational Fund Act
...
Executive Order No
...


2
...
139 - This act is the present basis for the selection and adoption of textbooks
to be used in public and private schools
...
Republic Act No
...


4
...
1265 - This act makes flag ceremony compulsory in all educational
institutions
...
Republic Act No
...


6
...
416 - The law converted the present Philippine Normal School into
Philippine Normal College conferring the Degrees of Bachelor Science in Elementary Education
and Master of Arts in Education
...
Department Order No
...
1957 (Revised Philippine Educational Program) - This program
is otherwise known as the 2-2 plan
...


8
...
27, s
...


9
...
30, s
...


10
...
33, s
...


11
...
32, s
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

23

THE NEW TREND IN
CLASSROOM VISITATION

It is essential that before a school or district begins a classroom visitation program,
everybody is clear about what to expect and what their role is to be in the process
...
Implemented well, each of the visitation models can play a significant role
in school improvement
...

The majority of research discovered was feedback provided by teachers to students (Chen,
Whittinghill, & Kadlowec, 2010; Ferguson, 2011; Souter, 2009; Southworth, 2010)
...

Quality feedback should be a process where all parties feels comfortable both giving and
receiving feedback (Getzlaf et al
...
Bloom (2007) offered
suggestions as to how structured observations could be done well and noted that it is important for
everyone to be involved in all aspects of the process
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

24

PLANNING THE SUPERVISORY
OBSERVATION

Planning is an essential part of all management work
...


What is Planning?
Planning has to do with studying all the factors in a business situation and arranging them
so that desired results can be achieved
...

2) Elaboration - the essential elements of a plan may be rather simple and may be stated
concisely
...

4) Conceptual foresight - some people tend to see things, events, and situations in detail;
others see over all needs, consequences, essence s, and values
5) Originality - if often takes originality or creativity to use established knowledge or
knowledge or experience to create new patters of thought or action
...
Everything
in life begins with an idea
...


What Should Be Planned?
1
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...
Too often the
supervisor overlooks or doesn’t use the resources which are available to him
...
Methods and Procedures - there is no one best way of doing anything
...

7
...

8
...
Such tools
include machines as well as the miscellaneous collection of gadgets which workers need
...
Supplies and Materials - in the most efficient shops much planning is done to assure the
proper flow of supplies and materials
...

10
...
There is never enough
of it
...

11
...

12
...
Available funds or allocations must be used so that
maximum return is received
...
Work - there comes a time when all of the planning that is done must be translated into
terms of work to be performed
...
Timing of improvements - business is subject to constant changes, and the installation of
new methods, equipment, programs, and the like requires planning to assure minimum
upset when changes are made
...
The Philippine Educational aims should be kept clearly in mind by school administrators
and supervisors
...

2
...

3
...
School
should provide conditions favorable to children’s growth, and supervision therefore must be so
organized and administered as to make this growth possible
...

4
...
The true function of teaching is to provide the best stimuli so that
the best learning may take place
...
The test of effective learning is productive learning
...
To make teaching and learning more effective, the supervisor must have a thorough
knowledge of the learning process and a broad knowledge of the psychological principles
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

28

6
...
Democratic teaching procedures are based on
democratic principles and practices
...

7
...

8
...

9
...
It puts
emphasis on the development of thinking, initiative and responsibility
...
Importance of constructive approach: The result of classroom observation should be
positive, preventive, and constructive
...
” Classroom should be
done with the aim to help the teacher and the pupils, or to promote good teaching and learning
...
Danger of premature evaluation: Evaluation should not be done or given right away
...
The supervisor should be on guard
against rash comment
...
Comments
should on actual facts
...
Observation is not an isolation: Classroom observation should not be used as the only
measure of evaluating teaching and learning
...
It should be correlated with other procedures
...
Too much expectation: The supervisor should not expect too much from a single
observation
...
Scientific observation is based on facts
...

5
...
The achievement of the pupil should be the criteria of classroom
observation
...

Poor results may be due to inherent factors – inexperience teacher, low mentality of the pupils or
lack of instructional materials
...

The teacher who are afraid of the supervisor’s presence should not be visited at once
...
Effort should be made to
convince the new teacher not to fear being observed
...
Enter the classroom quietly
...
Many supervisory visit have been spoiler at the
outset because of the manner in which the supervisor entered the classroom
...


2
...

The Supervisor must study the teacher and his teaching carefully in order to be genuinely
helpful
...
In studying the work,
it is necessary to secure objective data, after a careful analysis and interpretations of facts
...
Do not criticize the teacher before or within teaching and learning process
...
The supervisor should
show only interest, courteous, and self-effacing behavior, no matter what his inner response may
be
...
Do not butt in during recitation
...
He may do so through the request of
the permission of the teacher
...


5
...

The supervisor must preserve the impersonal objective, and scientific attitude during the
period of observation and consultation
...
One chief criticism against supervision in the past, is that the supervisor very often did not
know the facts
...


6
...

The supervisor must not criticize the error of the teacher if he has no solutions to offer
...


7
...

The supervisor must know that democratic leadership must be based on respect for the
personality and opinion of the teacher and the pupils
...
The supervisor must give the teacher opportunity to ask

Administration & Supervision in Schools

32

questions and discuss some supervisory problems
...


8
...

The supervisor must concentrate on one or two items at a time
...
Routine matter must be discussed during the
conference
...
Keep some form of the visitation record
...
A record of activities and
things observed is only safe basis for a professional discussion
...
Leave the classroom quietly
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

33

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
SUPERVISORY NOTE

There may be some adjustments before a new supervisor is fully accepted by the workforce,
but choosing someone with the right skill set can make the adjustment seamless
...
A confident supervisor with good people skills keeps the team on track and resolves
issues before they turn into problems
...
The supervisor can accomplish that task with efficiency by providing clear direction that
tells the workers exactly what’s expected of them
...

Timely communications regarding procedural changes and team targets keep everyone on
the same page and maintain a smooth workflow
...

Listening is an essential part of communicating
...
With a good grasp of the situation, the supervisor can
respond in a way that is appropriate, constructive and respectful of the employee
...
excellent communication skills are an invaluable asset
...
A supervisor who maintains a positive attitude, behaves with consideration and
consistently treats employees fairly is likely to see positive work behaviors in return
...
Engaged employees are more productive employees
...
The supervisor who takes the time to walk around and greet staff each morning
is seen as more approachable
...
This early warning gives supervisors the opportunity
to ward off problems and prevent flagging morale
...

A boss connects with staff when she shares a story about her grandchild’s birthday party
...


Self-Confidence Inspires Confidence in Others
To motivate their teams, leaders have to demonstrate leadership qualities
...
Displays of indecision, a lack of knowledge and an inability to delegate undermine a
supervisor’s effectiveness
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

35

PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED IN
GIVING SUGGESTIONS

Specific & Descriptive
Feedback should be clearly stated, specific, and based on what is observed; both the action
and the impact of the action
...
Feedback should refer to
behavior that can be changed
...


Focused on Positive
Effective feedback highlights the positive contributions the receiver makes while not
ignoring areas for improvement
...


Collaborative/Coaching
If the purpose of the feedback is to facilitate a change in behavior or action, the change that
occurs and the means by which that change occurs should be based on a collaborative discussion
between the provider and the receiver
...
It is not the Provider’s role to tell and receiver what has to happen or what should happen,
but to facilitate the receiver developing their own solution
...


Caring
Feedback should be offered with the intent of assisting the other person with creating
positive change or reinforcing positive behavior
...


Checked for Understanding
Before closing the feedback discussion, check to ensure that both parties are leaving the
discussion with a fair and accurate understanding of the behavior and actions that occurred
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

37

USEFUL PRACTICES IN IMPROVING THE
THE TEACHING LEARNING SITUATIONS

A Teacher plays a very important role in a student’s life
...
The success of a student is very much depended upon
the teacher as a student is in continuous contact
...
It will provide
guidance and help in enhancing skills which are connected with future in order to be successful
...

Classrooms learning method is considered as one of the effective methods of learning
...
It is very
necessary that a teacher must adapt teaching techniques that ensure effective learning opportunities
and produces a lot of educational benefits
...


A good teaching technique will help the students to learn and memorize lessons faster
and will increase the chances of success
...
Students must feel connected with the teachers
...
This
will help students to understand the areas which need a lot of efforts
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

39

THE IMPORTANCE OF TESTS AND
MEASUREMENT IN SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

Test and Measurement helps in collection of data which further helps in evaluating the
learners’ ability separately
...


TEST
 It’s an instrument used to examine someone’s knowledge of something to determine what
he or she knows or has learned
...
Tests results show student strengths
...
Tests results show student weaknesses
...

Quantifying of how much does learner learned
...
So it is
important to measure certain things right, distance, time, and accuracy are all great things

Administration & Supervision in Schools

40

to measure
...

 Without the ability to measure, it would be difficult for scientists to conduct experiments
or form theories
...


What is difference between test and measurement?
The test is specific instrument for measurement
...
Measurement is a technique necessary
for evaluation
...


IMPORTANCE OF TEST MEASUREMENT IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION
The following are the importance of test measurement in school administration:
 For getting knowledge about the progress of the students and the school
...

 For knowing the abilities and capacities of the students and the school the personnel
...

 For giving motivation
...

 For research and experimentations
...
They are the main instrument used to evaluate your learning by most educational
institutions
...
Although it may seem that all tests are the same,
many different types of tests exist and each has a different purpose and style

The 4 Major Different Types of Testing
There are four types of testing in schools today— diagnostic, formative, benchmark, and
summative
...
Diagnostic Testing
 This testing is used to “diagnose” what a student knows and does not know
...
The test covers topics students will be taught in the upcoming
lessons
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

42

 Diagnostic testing can be a helpful tool for parents
...


2
...
It is used throughout
a lecture and designed to give students the opportunity to demonstrate that they have
understood the material, like in the example of the clock activity mentioned above
...

 Schools normally do not send home reports on formative testing, but it is an important part
of teaching and learning
...


3
...
Benchmark
testing is given during or after a classroom focuses on a section of material, and covers
either a part or all of the content has been taught up to that time
...

 Unlike diagnostic testing, students are expected to have mastered material on benchmark
tests, since they cover what the children have been focusing on in the classroom
...
This feedback is very important to parent, since it gives them insight into
exactly which concepts their children did not master
...
Summative Testing
 This testing is used as a checkpoint at the end of the year or course to assess how many
content students’ learned overall
...

 These tests are given— using the same process — to all students in a classroom, school, or
state, so that everyone has an equal opportunity to demonstrate what they know and what
they can do
...

 Since summative tests cover the full range of concepts for a given grade level, they are not
able to assess any one concept deeply
...
Instead, these tests serve a final check that
students learned what was expected of them in a given unit
...
Each type of test differs according to its purpose, timing,
skill coverage, and expectations of students
...
First, using a diagnostic test, you can gauge what a student already knows and what she

Administration & Supervision in Schools

44

will need to learn in the upcoming unit
...
Then, a benchmark test can be used as an early
indicator of whether students have met the lesson’s goals, allowing parents and teachers to re-teach
concepts that the student may be struggling with
...

The summative testing provides that final confirmation
...
For example, in
language schools, placement tests are used to check a student’s language level through grammar,
vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing, and speaking questions
...


1
...
These tests only contain items which the students have been taught in class
...



Short-term progress tests check how well students have understood or learned material
covered in specific units or chapters
...




Long-term progress tests are also called Course Tests because they check the learner’s
progress over the entire course
...
Administratively, they are often the sole basis of decisions to promote to higher
level
...
Proficiency Tests
These tests check learner levels in relation to general standards
...


3
...
They
are often given at the end of a course in the form of a final exam
...
External Tests
External tests are those given by an outside body
...


5
...
Multiple-choice tests fall
into this group
...


6
...
Examples are essay questions and oral interviews
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

47

CRITERIA OF GOOD TESTS

Four (4) Main Characteristics of a Good Test
1
...
The test must really measure
what it has been designed to measure
...

Assessing the validity of any test requires careful selection of appropriate criterion measure
and that reasonable people may disagree as to which criterion measure is best
...
Reasonable people may disagree as to whether the best criterion measure of
intelligence in school grades, teacher ratings or some other measures
...
Once the criterion measures have been identified
people scores on the measures can be compared to their scores on the test and the degree of
correspondence can be examined for what it tells us about the validity of the test
...
Though we try for reliabilities of 90 or 60,
validities which have corrections between test scores and criterion measures are not higher than
that of several tests with low but significant validity can sometimes be useful, if they are given
together as a battery and their results are considered together
...


2
...
This means that the test should give similar results
even though different testers administrate it, different people scores in different forms of the test
are given and the same person takes that test at two or more different times
...

In actual practice, psychological tests are never perfectly reliable
...

Despite such real changes, the best intelligence test usually yields reliability correlation
coefficient of 90 or higher (where 1
...
00 indicates
number correspondence whatever
...
To
improve reliability, we should ensure that the test is administered and scored by a truly standard
procedure
...


3
...
This presupposes subjective factor
...
The recognition of the

Administration & Supervision in Schools

49

quality objectivity in a test has been largely responsible for the development of an arise and
objective type tests
...
As the name itself indicates they are based on
particular objective of teaching and evaluating
...
These tests are all comprehensives
...
Norms
In addition to reliability and validity good test needs norms
...
The scores obtained by these groups provide a basic for
interpreting any individual score
...
D
this is a “Good Score”, should the person be happy or unhappy
...

In fact, one of the first things a person in the factious situation might do is seek out others
who have taken the test to find out how his or her score compares to theirs
...
They seek out comparison groups whose
performance on the test can serve as standard of comparison for each individual who takes the test
later
...
Aside from natural items that come up, such as a student’s academic track record or
reported learning challenges, wrenches have been thrown into the mix due to the current pandemic
...
The student’s situation at home is a greater
factor than ever before now that students are spending more time at home and often learning
remotely
...
Video fatigue is real
...
Technology challenges are real
...
However, these are challenges being experienced by nearly every single school across
not just the US, but the world
...
Professionals who may have been well equipped to handle web conferencing

Administration & Supervision in Schools

51

and remote training are even struggling
...

Students thrive when given opportunities to collaborate and converse with peers
...
Now, they’re being deprived of these opportunities to do so in person
...

Teachers are tasked with finding ways to encourage the social interaction and engagement
of their remote students
...
Teachers and parents are both concerned with ensuring these kids are given ample
opportunities to interact with their peers for social growth
...
There are few things more
disruptive to an online course or parent-teacher web conference than spotty Wi-Fi and connectivity
issues
...
Being kicked off a Zoom call can
create challenges of missed information and communication that’s unclear
...


Combatting These Challenges
When considering the factors affecting academic performance of university students, as
well as K-12 groups, there are many solutions to consider
...
From digital libraries with more books students can access
online to the creation of Bitmoji classrooms, effective educators are leaning on technology
tools to facilitate better remote learning opportunities
...
From choice boards being used in younger
classrooms to different ways to consume materials, such as on-demand or closed captions
and transcription in higher-ed, educators can learn more into Universal Design for Learning
principles that allow students to make personalized decisions that play into their preferred
styles for learning
...
Ensuring students have a ‘clean’ platform and clear instruction to consume course
content effectively and in multiple formats is undoubtedly helpful
...
For example, interactive transcriptions can be used
as a replacement for in-person note takers
...
When shifting courses online, it’s important to note that students
who may not have struggled prior to the pandemic which has presented more distractions
may now be doing so
...
Keeping
web accessibility tools top of mind will help to solve these challenges
...


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53

There’s a rising importance in facilitating student engagement, as distant learning makes it
harder to control the environment and attendance
...
Anderson, a leader in the
convergence of digital learning and leadership is an expert in creating meaningful SchoolHome Relationships
...
When you use video services in distance
learning for smaller or individualized instruction, the engagement and achievement levels
increase
...

Considering that less is more and focusing on high quality research-backed pedagogy,
rather than tricking students into engagement through technology is important, he said
...
Engagement can take form
through polls throughout the class, discussion boards, chats and breakout sessions where
students can interact and collaborate in smaller groups
...
The current situation has raised questions of whether the current challenges, despite
some Band-Aid and other solutions will negatively affect academic performance for the shortterm
...

However, there is also a great deal of optimism
...

Additionally, teachers are doing more research and collecting more data to help inform online
learning experiences and best practices long term
...


Administration & Supervision in Schools

54

As more students, teachers, schools and parents look to embrace the influx of new
technologies available to them to enhance the remote learning experience, the less likely it will be
for the student experience and student performance to suffer
...

Finally, the factors that affect student performance in school currently may be the ones that
then lead to their success as professionals and life
...
“We have the
opportunity to teach soft skills as well like reflection and collaboration
...
”
Overcoming the factors affecting students’ performance will provide these students with
experience handling adversity and set them up for challenges presented in the real-world postgraduation
...
It is essential that children are given time to read
comments and respond
...
The key purpose of marking is for the children’s benefit to
find out what they have got right or wrong or what could be improved
...
Children need to be given time to make
improvements to their work and teachers must identify and allocate time for this in their planning
...
By engaging children in the purposeful marking, they are given opportunities
to develop their thinking skills and critical voice
...
Marking shows that teachers care about children’s work
...


Types of Marking and Good Practice
Marking is a waste of time if it has no impact
...
Marking should praise, but also give guidance, consolidation, and
challenge
...
The teacher steps in
to support, consolidate, accelerate, or challenge
...
Deep Marking
Deep marking will identify (in line with the objective taught) positive points about the
work that is identified in PINK and points for improvement that are identified in GREEN pen
...
g
...
The
children should be actively encouraged to read and act upon comments that have been made by
the teacher
...


2
...
As much as possible children should be involved with self-assessment: marking
their own work, using the traffic light system to indicate their assessment of their own
understanding or by reacting regularly to structured comments made on their work by their teacher
...
Children need to
have training and modelling in giving effective feedback
...
Marking Codes
Adults mark using pink and green pen using the marking codes
...
When there are clear examples of
meeting the learning intention pink pen can be used to tick the best examples
...
If a comment has been
made verbally, the adult should indicate this with a ‘VF’ on the marking grid
...
If work has been
undertaken with support the correct code must be circled at the top of the marking grid
...
When a child hits their learning target the teacher should indicate this
...
The marking of a child’s piece of work should
be relevant to that child’s stage of development as judged by the teacher

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