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HUMAN AND
PUBLIC RELATIONS
(CLASS LECTURES)

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MEANING OF HUMAN RELATIONS

A human relation is the relationship between human resources of the organization
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It also consists of
relationship between the organization’s human resource & outsiders (such as clients, suppliers)
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Hence, healthy human
relations lead to increased productivity and efficiency
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The approach of human relations deals with the psychological variables of organizational
functioning in order to increase the efficiency of organizations
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According to Mac Farland “Human relations is the study and practice of utilizing human
resource through knowledge and through an understanding of the activities, attitudes, sentiments,
and interrelationships of people at work
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Today,
it is integral to every business, and understanding the involved skills and theories is key to
employee success
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At the time, Taylorism, or the application of science in the workplace to improve
productivity, viewed individuals as machines that could work in unethical or unrealistic
environments
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The human relations management theory is a researched belief that people desire to be part
of a supportive team that facilitates development and growth
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Human and Public Relations

4

ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN RELATIONS

Relationships between employees and management are important part to career success
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Therefore, it is
important to develop one’s human relations skills
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Human relations is the relations
with or between people, particularly in a workplace setting
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In other words, it a business
approach focusing on supporting employees in their career development
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Human and Public Relations

5

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

Among the many competing definitions of public relations, J
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” Grunig and Hunt (1984), p
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One
reason this definition is so successful is its parsimony, or using few words to convey much
information
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The component parts of Grunig and Hunt’s
famous definition of public relations are as follows:


Management
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

Communication
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

Organization
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

Publics
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They differ from
audiences in that they often self-organize and do not have to attune to messages; publics
differ from stakeholders in that they do not necessarily have a financial stake tying them to
specific goals or consequences of the organization
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Human and Public Relations

6

TYPES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

According to the functions of the public relations department/agencies, public relations can
be divided into 7 types
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

Investor Relations: Handling investors events, releasing financial reports and regulatory
filings, and handling investors, analysts and media queries and complaints
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

Community Relations: Handling the social aspect of the brand and establishing a positive
reputation in the social niche like environment protection, education, etc
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Cooperating with
them during special product launches and events
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Conducting market research to know more about interests, attitudes, and priorities of the
customers and crafting strategies to influence the same using earned media
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Human and Public Relations

7

MEANING OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

In an organized society, there is stability and change
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It is the state of smooth functioning
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Change is the dynamic condition of society
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Abrupt changes in the form of
revolution disrupt the existing social order and disorganization occurs in society
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The parts of a
table are prepared separately by the carpenter and then fitted together in a technical order
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It means organization is arranging of parts into its whole
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The individuals set themselves at
their positions (status) and by interaction (role) they make a social group
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This participation individual into group is
social organization
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It is a vast network of social relationship like the parts of a watch organized together
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Human and Public Relations

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FACTORS DETERMINING SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION

What is Social Stratification?
Social Stratification refers to a system by which society ranks people into different
categories of hierarchy, based on their respect, what they have, and the level of influence they have
over others in a given society, nation or group
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Social stratification system can be inheritable or it can be based on
different social class interaction
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While people are regularly categorized based on how rich or poor they are, other important factors
influence social standing
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In some cultures, the elderly is
esteemed; in others, the elderly is disparaged or overlooked
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One key determinant of social standing is the social standing of our parents
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People inherit not only social standing but also the
cultural norms that accompany a certain lifestyle
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Social standing becomes a comfort zone, a familiar lifestyle, and an identity
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9

Other determinants are found in a society’s occupational structure
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Many believe that teaching is a
noble profession, so teachers should do their jobs for love of their profession and the good of their
students—not for money
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Cultural attitudes and beliefs
like these support and perpetuate social inequalities
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Social Status – is the social standing of a person or group within a social class or in the entire social
stratification system
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The Elite are of
two types:
o New Rich – are those who have within their lifetime amassed enough wealth to enable
them to afford the lifestyle of traditional upper class
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

Middle Class – small business and industry owners and manager professional office
workers and farm owners with income that provide a comfortable lifestyle class belongs to
this class
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The Types of Social Stratification


Caste System – is a type of social stratification that is mainly based on “inherited
inequality
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People are assigned occupations regardless of their talents, interests, or
potential
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

Class System - is based on both social factors and individual achievement
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Unlike caste systems, class systems are open
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They can also
socialize with and marry members of other classes, which allows people to move from one
class to another
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

Social Distance – means reserve or restraint in the social relationships of member of
different racial ethnic groups, social classes, or institutional roles
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

Social Mobility – refers to the movement of persons or groups in the social stratification
system
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Vertical Social Mobility occurs when persons or
groups move from one social position to another
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Social stratification can be described as the process by which the society groups and
classifies individuals in regard to their supremacy, gender, race, education level, authority, assets,
prosperity or other social status in the society
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In contemporary Britain, a modern capitalist society, the upper class can be debated as
having too much wealth as compared to the lower class
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On the other hand, the middle class belong to the higher ranks of clerical workers,
managers and businesspeople
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Human and Public Relations

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SOCIAL CONFLICT

Conflict theory emphasizes interests, rather than norms and values, in conflict
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Thus conflict is seen as a normal aspect of social
life rather than an abnormal occurrence
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The three tenets of this theory are the following:
1
...

2
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Within societies, certain groups control
specific resources and means of production
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Social groups will use resources to their own advantage in the pursuit of their goals
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As a result,
many dominated groups will struggle with other groups in an attempt to gain control
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This term is based upon the view that
the fundamental cause of crime is oppression, resulting from social and economic forces operating
within a given society
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This came about in the
1980s due to a setback in federal spending and a loss of jobs across the nation; the older generations
competed with the younger generation for employment
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Human and Public Relations

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INHERENT COMPONENTS OF A
CONFLICT

The conflict-space consists of meanings, values, norms, status, and class
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Potentiality becomes actuality,
the possibility of power becomes the actuality of opposing dispositions
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 SUBTEXT – Operates mostly at the conscious level, sometimes at the un-conscious level
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 SUPER TEXT – Operates at the social level and includes propaganda, political ideologies,
cultural ideas of what is acceptable or unacceptable
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Miss
a deadline, and you are likely to face conflict with your boss
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And if you disagree with a fellow
manager about whether to represent a client whose values you disdain, conflict is also likely
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Although open communication, collaboration, and respect will go a
long way toward conflict management, the three types of conflict can also benefit from targeted
conflict-resolution tactics
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Of the three types of conflict discussed here, task conflict may appear to be the simplest to
resolve
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For example, coworkers who are arguing about which one of them should
go to an out-of-town conference may have a deeper conflict based on a sense of rivalry
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Serving as
de facto mediators, managers can focus on identifying the deeper interests underlying parties’
positions
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Try to engage the parties in a collaborative problem-solving process
in which they brainstorm possible solutions
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RELATIONSHIP CONFLICT
The second of our three types of conflict, relationship conflict, arises from differences in
personality, style, matters of taste, and even conflict styles
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It’s no surprise,
then, that relationship conflict can be common in organizations
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Before turning to a manager, you might
invite the colleague out to lunch and try to get to know him or her better
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Human and Public Relations

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If you feel comfortable, bring up the source of the tension and focus on listening to the
other person’s point of view
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When you
demonstrate empathy and interest, he or she is likely to reciprocate
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VALUE CONFLICT
The last of our three types of conflict, value conflict, can arise from fundamental
differences in identities and values, which can include differences in politics, religion, ethics,
norms, and other deeply held beliefs
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In addition, you may be able to reframe a values-based dispute “by appealing to other
values that you and your counterpart share,” writes Susskind in an article in the Negotiation
Briefings newsletter, “including universal beliefs such as equal rights or nonviolence, rather than
focusing on the differences in beliefs that precipitated the dispute

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